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法语毕业论文大全11篇

时间:2022-09-07 20:08:06

法语毕业论文

法语毕业论文篇(1)

一、引言

从事语法教学日久,且每年指导英语专业学生论文写作,从中愈加认识到英语语法学习之于毕业论文写作的重要性,在语法教学的过程中亦多有侧重。然而经过论文指导和思考研究,发现有些语法要点在英语专业的毕业论文写作中作用很大,但是在实际的语法教学中,因语法项目较多、学时有限,这些内容多被一带而过甚至忽略,其中就包括了直接引语与间接引语的使用、时态的一致性、句式的选用等。

二、直接引语与间接引语的使用

在英语专业毕业论文写作的过程中必然会用到他者的论断,或引以为理论支持,或作为驳论的依据。直接引用他人的观点在论文写作中出现的频率较高,也十分必要,因为直接引用为当前的论文提供直接而有力的证据,也使论文更显得真实和生动。然而直接引用过多就会显得作者个人观点陈述不够,如果引用文过长也会影响读者对论文本身的阅读,英语专业毕业论文写作MLA格式中规定,较短的引用,一页不超过两个,较长的引用,三四页只能有一个。此时,学生就可以采用间接引语,避免过多使用引号或大段引用。但在引用的过程中,学生多有谬误。

英语语法中所述之间接引语,其规则大抵不多,如将人称变换(如I变为he/she),代词转换(如this变为that),地点的转换(如here变为there)等等,但实际操作中又不止于此,有时因为直接引语的句式等的差异,变为间接引语的时候还要对直接引语进行适当的概述和总结。

例1、不够清楚的概述:

Penniless and hungry,Jane is forced to beg for food and then she is accepted by St. Jone and his sisters,after a long time they tell her that her uncle is also his uncle but he has died and left her a large fortune.

清楚的表达:

Penniless and hungry,Jane is forced to beg for food and then accepted by St. Jone and his sisters. After a long time they tell Jane that her uncle is also his [Jone’s] uncle but this uncle has died and left her a large fortune.

由上例可以看出,引用文需要遵循语法规则,包括时态的一致性、主谓一致、名词代词的前后照应等,如果引用文中某些代词的指代不明,则需要用括号指代清楚。

如果引用文的时态和与论文行文不一致,则需要尽量缩短直接引用文的长度,采用间接引语,或在文中标出已经改过的使时态一致的词;如下文:

例2、不够清楚的表达:

If he thought,as he wrote in his diary in the late 1990s,that “one’s life is just a tragedy,” then what would he say of people’s life today?

清楚的表达:

(1) If he thought,as he wrote in his diary in the late 1990s,that one’s life was “just a tragedy,” then what would he say of people’s life today?

(2) If he though in his day,“one’s life [was] a tragedy,” what would he say of people’s life today?

直接引用和间接引用也可以同时出现在一段话中(如(1)中所示),因为如果概述过多使文章显得平铺直叙、缺乏起伏,很难长久吸引读者的眼球,在概述的同时穿插一些短语式的直接引用可以使文章生动易懂。

三、时态的一致性

在写作过程中,学生常常会将现在时或过去时杂糅在一起,如在叙述文学作品时未保持时态的一致性;在表达自己的观点时也有用过去时的情形。需知:一般现在时和一般过去时各有侧重,但课堂教学中教师可能不会过多提及在论文写作中的时态运用,因为教科书中的时态本身就多而复杂,在教学过程中不会占用太多的时间对论文书写的时态作专题探讨。然而时态问题在毕业论文的写作中又一直会困扰学生,也给论文的修改工作带来了很大的麻烦,所以未来的语法课教学可以在此处多着些力。

论文时态的使用以适合为要,是为写作服务的,但也有一些基准,如:事件,不管是调查、实验,还是自己或他人的某项研究,都要用过去时来描述,但是解说、阐释、评价、分析、评论或是由此而得出的某些观点则多用现在时。叙述文学作品中的事件用现在时,描述作者的创作过程用现在时;探讨理论用过去时或现在时;报告研究成果用现在时进行概述或总结。

四、句式的选用

英语语法中将句子看作是最大的语法单位,而句子又是文章的基础,句子的质量一定程度上决定了文章的质量。在造句时,学生可以有多种选择,就句子结构来说可以有简单句(simple sentence),并列句(compound sentence),复合句(complex sentence)以及并列复合句(compound complex sentence)。简单句可以使论文的表达清楚直接、一目了然;并列句可以将同等重要的观点并置,从而避免多余文字的使用,也可以使文章显得整齐,有时也可达到一定的修辞效果;复合句中有主句和分句,意义有所偏重,其间多出现连接词使主从句子的关系清晰呈现,句子的逻辑关系就会清晰展现;并列复合句是将两个或几个复合句并列起来,可以使文章句式多样,又不会过于繁复。多种句式的使用可以给论文增色,在语法教学中,这一内容可以多加涉及。

五、结论

语法教学虽不以毕业论文写作为终极目的,但是毕业论文写作却在一定程度上检验了教师的语法教学的全面性和侧重点,希望文中提到的三点可以对教师的语法教学和学生的语法学习有所助益。

【参考文献】

[1] 张秀国主编. 英语专业毕业论文写作教程.北京:清华大学出版社,北京交通大学出版社,2007.

[2] 牟杨,陈春莲.英语专业毕业论文写作指南.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.

法语毕业论文篇(2)

高等教育的毕业生撰写论文,是一项非常重要的任务。毕业论文是对大学生的思维方式以及所学知识掌握情况的的综合考察形式。因此,毕业论文的撰写质量,直接影响到大学生能否顺利毕业,它起到非常重要的影响。

高职专科英语专业的毕业生要求必须用英文进行撰写。对于英语基本功不扎实的学生来说,英文的毕业论文对他们来说是相当困难的。他们会向论文指导教师提出各种问题。笔者统计,学生们所提出的问题存在以下几方面:首先,他们对毕业论文为何物不了解,对毕业论文概念模棱两可;其次,选题盲目;再次,不知道参考文献的意思,更不知道参考文献如何查找。除此之外,在语法用词上错误甚多,语言运用能力差。加上欠缺思考分析问题的能力,文章逻辑混乱,结构松散等现象普遍存在。还有些同学由于平时阅读量不够,对所选题目不了解,文章内容上空洞乏味。

结合平时毕业论文指导过程中遇到的一些问题,对如何解决以上问题进行了思考,并提出了一些解决方案。

如果学生不知道毕业论文是怎么一回事,就无法写出优秀的毕业论文,为解决此问题,应开设毕业论文写作专题讲座以及参考文献的检索课程。因此,开设毕业论文撰写专题讲座是一件非常重要的事情。目前,在本科院校中此类撰写论文专题讲座已经普遍开设,甚至此类课程列为本科毕业生的必修课,时间为一学年或一学期。

但是,在高职院校中却很少开设此类讲座。通过专题讲座将如何撰写毕业论文、何为毕业论文以及在撰写时的资料查找等进行详细讲解。高职院至少应在第五学期开设此类专题讲座。在院校师资力量以及条件允许的情况下,最好将此类课程作为必修课或选修课,使学生在毕业论文撰写中不在盲目。绝大多数高职院校学生不能够合理地运用图书馆的丰富资源,不知道如何通过互联网查找自己想要的信息,这些都是造成论文写作困难的原因。相关调查显示,在各大高职院校中开设文献搜索课程的为数甚少。高职院校图书馆参数量以及网络信息资源与各大本科院校相比相差甚远。但是,这也不是高职院校不开设文献搜索课的理由。现在已经是电子信息化时代,很大一部分信息已经电子化。运用网络查找信息,不仅能够提高论文写作质量,同样也能够更好掌握网络信息的应用,为今后信息化工作打好基础。

教师在指导过程中首先应对论文进行命题选择,帮助学生顺利迈过论文撰写的第一道坎。在选题时,很多同学绞尽脑汁选出的题目不够理想,或者是重复以往选题,或者是偏离本专业,又或者选题没有任何研究价值。高职院校学生在平时学习过程中对本专业并未做深入科学的研究,对所学专业的发展方向不了解,因此,很难提出既有研究价值,又新颖的选题。相关调查显示,英语专业的本科生选题由教师选题。此方法在本科生中适用,那在高职学生中应该也同样适用。由指导教师给学生拟定选题或给出选题范围,这对学生和老师来说,都是一个非常好的方法。首先,由教师给出命题,帮助学生选题时的盲目,直接给学生命题范围,让学生在此范围中找到自己感兴趣的部分进行写作,这样可以更大地激发学生在写作过程中的积极性和主动性。与此同时,应结合高职院校的特点,命题中应实用性大于学术性。其次。可以按照选择命题范围不同进行成组合作,讨论所选命题查找资料。可谓“三人行,必有我师”。在彼此交流中做到取长补短,查找资料相互交流,合理运用信息,做到资源共享。再次,教师所提出的命题范围也要考虑到自己的研究方向,指导过程中要已实用性为主,降低学术性。

高职院校学生入校时基础较差,因此应严格把好词汇关,更好地培养学生的实际应用能力。有许多同学在即将毕业时,英语语言运用能力都无任何提高。错误的语法和用词的错误在文章中随处可见。文章中有些句子完全没有任何语法可言,更有甚者,将中文的文章直接通过网络中英文翻译器进行翻译,此类文章的质量就可想而知了。这些问题令指导老师甚是无奈。令在修改文章语法和用词上花费大量时间,而文章结构、内容、论证、论据等诸多问题却没有时间审阅。有些文章虽然在语法和用词上没有问题,但是文章内容上却空洞无物,思想不够新颖,文章结构松散、紊乱,更谈不上学术性,此类文章也完全没有达到撰写毕业论文的最终目的。为杜绝论文写作时出现上述问题,在入学之初,就应该开设语法、用词、写作等培养语言的实际应用能力等基础课程,多加联系,以便更好地运用。现有课堂教学让学生在学习过程中感到枯燥,对语言的运用没有兴趣研究。有笔者调查显示,在传统的写作课教学中应将语法课与写作课相结合,讲解写作方法的同时穿插结合语法语境,使教学效果达到事半功倍的效果。写作课的课后作业,应当让学生用联系各种观点句式的表达方式。然后,联系运用不同的论述方法进行段落写作,最后形成完整的文章。此方法可以更好地锻炼学生的逻辑思维能力,以后对毕业论文的写作会有很大的帮助。

更好地学习和积累语言基础知识,能有效提高学生在语言方面的运用能力。扩大阅读面,在有效提高英语实际运用能力的同时,还能够跟好地开拓思维,扩大眼界,更好地理解语言背后的深层含义。有些同学在文章题目确定下来正式写作时,才发现自己知识的匮乏,不了解自己选题的意义,不知如何着手写作,因此开始海量搜索一些相关的、不相关的信息,致使整篇文章没有任何自己的观点、看法,全都是他人的语言观点。解决此问题的最好办法,就是培养阅读兴趣,扩大阅读面。

考虑到论文与专业之间是有密切联系的,因此,教师在引导学生毕业论文选题以及写作时都应与本专业紧密相连。根据自己的教学经验,应向学生体供与本专业相关的并且能够让学生有阅读兴趣、有价值且难度适中的读物。鼓励学生课后阅读,使学生在生动有趣的阅读过程中逐渐培养自己的阅读兴趣。为了达到更好的阅读效果,教师也可适当采用阅读加测试的方法,敦促学生进行课外阅读。达到读有所获,为撰写毕业论文打下坚实的基础。

法语毕业论文篇(3)

2.1The history of British English 3

2.2 The history of American English 4

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6

3.1 Lexical differences 6

3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7

3.1.2 Differences in verb 7

3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7

3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8

3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9

3.1.3 Different use of function words 9

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11

3.2 Syntactical differences 12

3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13

4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17

6. Conclusion 17

Acknowledgements 19

References 19

1.Introduction

There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:

Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.

Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?

Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.

Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm,might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?

Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.

Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?

Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.

Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.

Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]

We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.

2. British English and American English

Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”

2.1 The History of British English

English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.

Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.

(1)Proto-English (the 5th century AD)[2]

The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.

(2)Old English(AD 450—1100)[2]

The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. (form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic)The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings (is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.)who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.

(3)Middle English(AD 1066-1470)[2]

For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.                  

(4)Modern English(1500 up to the present)[2]

Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.

English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.

In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.

2.2 The history of American English

During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.

The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]

   Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.

 

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English

English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.

3.1 Lexical Differences

Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.

3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms

Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6

Some examples:

Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)

Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)

3.1.2 Differences in Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).

3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs

The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.

The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).

Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).

In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.

For example,

A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)

B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)

According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:

They’ve got no pride.

I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.

3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses

Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:

British English:[5]

I've just had lunch

I've already seen that film

Have you finished your homework yet?

American English:[5]

I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.

I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.

Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?

In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.

"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."

"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]

Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".

Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs

The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]

agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).

appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).

cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).

claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.

protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).

write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).

3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.

British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any

children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.

How many brothers do you have? (AmE)

How many brothers have you? (BrE)

You don’t have much room here. (AmE)

You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)

3.1.3 Different use of function words

Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb

Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.

(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.

Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)

Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)

These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)

These dresses are on sale. (AmE)

He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)

He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)

She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4

She lives just around the corner (AmE).

Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.

At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)

Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)

On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)

(2) Omitting preposition[8]2

In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.

The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)

The new term begins September 1. (AmE)

I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)

I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)

In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.

Is he home? (AmE)

Is he at home? (BrE)

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb

In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries,have and go.

No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.

(1)shall

Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:

Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.

Am.E:1)I will tell you later.

2)Shall I drink this now?

2)Should I drink this now?

(2)would[9]2

Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.

However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.

Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.

Try to compare:

Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.

2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.

Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.

2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.

In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:

Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.

2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.

 

Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.

2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.

(3)used to

“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:

1)He used to go there.(notional verb)

Did he use to go there.(notional verb)

2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)

He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)

(4)ought to[9]6

“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:

Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?

Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?

2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that.      2)You shouldn’t have said that.

In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:

1)Did you ought to say that?

2)You didn’t ought to have said that.

(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”

 In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:

One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)

One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]

(1)The omitting of articles

Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:

The swimming pools are open all summer.

I’ll be here all afternoon.

He has been gone all week.

British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,

British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.

However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.

BrE                         AmE

Go into hospital                Go into the hospital

In hospital                   In the hospital

At university                  At the university

Sentences are as follows:

Next day, the rain began. (BrE)

The next day, the rain began. (AmE)

In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)

In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)

(2) The position of articles

British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.

3.2 Syntactical differences

Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.

3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]

The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:

1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.)   (BrE)

2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)

3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)

The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]

Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).

As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.

In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.

In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.

I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)

I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)

I wish I had done it. (AmE)

I wish I would have done it. (BrE)

4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English

Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.

1)Negation

In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:

Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.

Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.

In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)

While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.

Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.

2)The omission of copula in black English

You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.

Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).

These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]

  3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person

there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]

  4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something

This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]

5) Altered syntax in questions

Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]

To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:

(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;

(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;

(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;

(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.

However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English

The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.

On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.

 

6.Conclusion

As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.

The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 周乐, 美式英语与英式英语比较与分析[J]. 湖南商学院外语系,2008.

[2] Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language

[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655

[4] 王振明和公丽艳,英式英语与美式英语的差异[J]. 山东教育学院学报,2002.

[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm

[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses

[7] 孟宪友,英语与美语的差别对比研究[J]. 广州大学外国语学院英语系,2002.

, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.

, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001

, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007

[11]Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences

, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007

[13]张振邦,新编语法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993

, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 

[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357

[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation

法语毕业论文篇(4)

[中图分类号]G712 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)02-0179-02

引言

根据2011年国家高职教育12号文件精神,高职商务英语专业的人才培养规格可以概括为:培养具有良好职业素质和职业道德,掌握国际经济贸易领域的基本知识和理论、具备一定的商务操作技能和业务处理能力,能够以英语为工作语言,参与国际商务活动、从事一般国际商务工作的高技能应用型人才。

毕业设计(论文)是高职商务英语专业人才培养方案的重要组成部分,是专业教学计划的重要内容。高职院校的高职商务英语专业学生写毕业论文,就是运用自己所学的专业基础知识,独立进行科学研究活动,分析和解决自己在商务工作实践中遇到的问题,把知识转化为实际能力的训练。

毕业设计(论文)一般分为准备(资料的收集与整理、阅读文献)、撰写提纲、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿与答辩几个阶段。指导教师对毕业设计(论文)全过程进行的指导,首先要指导学生查阅资料、搜集资料的路途与方法,使学生尽快收集到与毕业设计(论文)有关的文献资料;其次要指导学生编写论文提纲,构思论文的理论框架、确定主题;再次要指导论文的写作,包括完善论文内容、修改、确定终稿;最后进行论文答辩指导。

在传统的论文指导模式下,由于师资、教学管理、学生实习等环节的衔接不够完善,高职商务英语专业毕业论文指导存在着诸多问题。主要表现在(1)指导老师和学生交流渠道单一;(2)时空限制导致沟通不畅;(3)缺乏资源共享;(4)缺乏过程性评价;(5)缺乏动态管理。

网络环境下的毕业论文(设计)远程指导是指教师通过构建毕业论文指导网站,结合电子邮件、BBS、QQ的方式传递信息,进行网络资源查询、资源共享、互动交流,完成全程跟踪指导学生毕业论文创作的过程。

本文根据论文写作的阶段性,分别就如何在网络环境下对高职商务英语专业毕业设计(论文)进行写前辅导、写中指导、写后修改及论文答辩进行具体的阐述。

一、写前辅导

在论文写作前期阶段,学生主要了解毕业论文的格式要求、毕业论文进度要求、参考资料收集整理方法等问题。所以毕业论文指导网站设计首先要有毕业论文指导模块,内容包括毕业设计与论文的选题、材料的收集与整理、毕业设计与论文的结构、毕业设计与论文的写作、毕业设计与论文的答辩与评价等内容。指导老师结合网站,利用8-10个课时时间在学生出去实习之前,开设毕业论文指导课程,介绍高职商务英语专业毕业论文写作的相关知识和技巧。从专业要求出发,围绕岗位的核心能力与岗位需求、指导学生撰写与实际商务活动密切相关的毕业论文。在学生离校参加顶岗实习前,教师要给学生下达毕业论文任务书,明确论文写作各个阶段的时间要求和质量标准。

在此过程中,要大力鼓励双师型教师指导学生毕业论文写作。并鼓励指导教师利用课余与假期,深入到行业企业,承担企业项目开发、技术翻译、业务培训等。同时,阶段性地邀请行业专家或经验丰富的业内人士到学校作报告,在职业技能方面对高职商务英语专业教师进行业务指导,以提升团队的双师素质。因为指导教师只有了解了商务流程的环节,明确了实际工作岗位的要求,对国际商务活动有深刻的认识和了解,才能有的放矢地指导高职商务英语专业的毕业论文写作。

二、写中指导

在论文写作中期阶段,主要检查论文选题是否符合学校有关毕业论文选题的要求,重点评估论文选题的现实意义。论文选题模块是在高职商务英语毕业论文指导网站中的关键模块:此模块主要是让学生根据个体的思考,并且结合参考文献资料、数字化图书馆等资源,选定毕业论文题目,同时将论文的基本思路、计划都在平台上登记。

论文选题是论文的灵魂,也是论文主题思想。参考文献作为阐发作者见地的佐证或背景资料,能提供有力的理论依据或经典论述。因此针对上述情况,指导老师要在网络中共享有价值的参考文献、学术网站,指导学生经常阅读有关的网络教育期刊、期刊资源库,明确哪些问题已被研究,进展状况如何,以及已有研究存在的问题与不足,找到研究的起点。

高职院校的学生毕业实习时间长,占在校的三分之一多,除了在校两年内的各种实习和实训,还有一年的毕业实习时间。他们在单位实习过程中,通过实际工作,边学边干,将在校所学到的理论知识用于实践中,并在实践中运用所学知识解决实际问题。因此,学生在写作论文的过程中,更注重的是论述其在实习过程中遇到的问题,并锻炼自己解决实际问题的能力。由于熟悉工作环境和程序,容易在工作实践中发现其中存在的漏洞与问题,便有了论文写作的题材与灵感,更能提出工作中的问题。如我院2008级高职商务英语专业学生的“英语语言技能的训练和提高”“商务实务操作”“商务信函语言特征”“商务交际技巧和礼仪”“中西文化差异”等选题都有较大的现实意义。

但在实践过程中我们也发现,在毕业论文写作中,高职商务英语专业的毕业生选题时往往忽视了自己的工作实际,转而上网找一些与自己工作岗位相差甚远的选题。如:国际贸易的创新、中国入世对国内产业结构的影响、民营企业如何应对反倾销等。像这样的选题过大过空,不符合实际,以高职毕业生目前的知识储备、科研能力是不可能完成这样的论文的。这时,指导老师要鼓励学生多与实习单位的同行交流,凡是对自己研究的问题有兴趣的人都应多多接触,多多交流。在交流、讨论中,尤其是在热烈争论时的思维交锋中,产生脑力风暴,有效地集思广益,开拓思路,引发创造性思维,追踪商务贸易、高职商务英语领域的研究热点和前沿问题,树立超前意识,提出有价值的论题。

指导教师根据学生提交的论文选题,从学术性、可行性、规范性等方面审核选题。选题通过的学生就可以开始准备毕业论文的撰写;选题未通过的学生,指导教师将给予相应的修改建议,学生修改或调整选题后,再提交给指导教师审核。指导老师在检查论文开题报告时,要组织院系,甚至可邀请外校同行专家参加开题报告会,论证选题的可行性和应用性。

总的来说,通过网络系统,学生无论在哪里实习都可以在论文选题上与指导教师通过网络多联系多沟通,在教师的指导下选择毕业论文的论题。

三、写后修改

在论文创作后期阶段,指导老师主要检查论文一稿、二稿直至终稿的完成情况,督促学生及时完成论文写作。写后修改是高职商务英语专业学生论文写作和指导中耗时最长的阶段,也是问题比较集中的阶段。在这个阶段,以下问题出现比较多:

(一)英语文章少

高职商务英语专业生源的文化基础普遍较差,自学能力比较弱,所以,尽管经过两年的英语语言学习和训练,毕业生的英语应用水平仍相对比较低,词汇量小,语法错误常见,句式选择不恰当。在毕业论文撰写基本上都没有办法用英语写作。

(二)论文结构不规范

毕业生在布局谋篇,段落衔接,句子结构、标点符号的使用等方面出现错误,甚至出现错别字。结构不合规范的现象也处处可见,字体、字号不对,页眉页脚设置错误,缺少摘要和关键词,字数不足,参考文献少,佐证材料不全等问题都比较多。

(三)论文质量不高

毕业生到企业顶岗实习后,不少人撰写论文的态度不认真,很少主动与指导教师沟通,等到要上交的时候,就从网络上抄袭、拼凑,甚至全篇下载,匆忙敷衍,导致毕业论文的质量不高。

毕业论文指导交流模块在写后修改阶段有着重要的地位,系统为每个学生与指导教师建立了一对一的对应关系,为每个关系建立了专题交流区,从而能开展针对性强的指导与交流。首先指导教师要为学生提供毕业论文相关样例(如目录、摘要、正文和致谢的样例细化描述)、毕业论文评价标准等,学生根据论文选题与参考资料,使用论文样例完成论文初稿的撰写,并以附件的形式上传到系统平台。在撰写过程中,若碰到困难,可以及时在专题交流区中留言。指导教师查看论文,并审核、指导学生撰写论文,在专题交流区中,对于学生提出疑问进行针对性的解答,帮助学生顺利完成论文写作任务。

毕业论文指导交流模块为指导教师和学生之间搭建了高效、交互式论文专题交流区,增加交流渠道,并对指导过程进行记录,有效地规范了指导过程,并可对指导过程进行评价。在此过程中,每个指导教师必须充分熟悉论文指导工作的各个环节,明确每个环节的具体标准和要求,严格按时间进程和论文的质量标准进行管理和操作。

四、论文答辩

在论文创作完成后,主要检查论文答辩和成绩评定。在论文答辩过程中,有些同学由于在外地实习无法回校答辩,这时可采取网络论文答辩的方式。学生把毕业论文上传到毕业设计(论文)网站中,指导老师负责把学生论文发到答辩委员会老师的邮箱,答辩委员把对论文的评语及签字在网上填写完整。答辩前,每个学生把自己的论文答辩提纲做成PPT,指导老师在答辩前把学生的PPT上传到答辩系统。然后学生通过语音或视频传输的方式对论文进行答辩。答辩结束后,答辩老师给出答辩综合评议和成绩,并签字。我院08商英的同学由于很多同学都到广东实习,无法赶回学校答辩,就采取了网络答辩的方式,节约了学生往返的成本,受到学生的欢迎,取得良好的效益。

五、结语

总的来说,网络环境下高职商务英语专业论文(设计)指导能充分调动学习者的自觉性,实现学习资源的优化和共享,加强论文写作的规范性和指导过程的互动性,实现管理过程的高效性和科学性,是教育教学现代化的完美体现,也是未来教育的方向。

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法语毕业论文篇(5)

毕业论文是英语专业教学过程中最重要的实践性环节,是教学计划的重要组成部分,是学生走上工作岗位前一次运用各项知识和培养工作能力的综合技能训练,搞好这项工作对于培养学生分析和解决问题的能力具有重要的意义。本文结合我校外语系多年来指导毕业论文工作的实践经验,通过优化毕业论文实践环节的教学,探讨如何提高毕业生的整体素质和对竞争日益加剧的就业市场的适应能力。

一、毕业论文写作目的和意义

英语专业学生在做毕业论文前已经修完《英语写作》1―3课程和论文写作课程,初步掌握了写作的基本要素和技巧,为进一步提高文字表达能力,必须开始进行学术论文写作。我国高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组制定的《英语教学大纲》明确指出:“毕业论文是考查学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。”毕业论文写作的优劣直接决定学生毕业时能否被授予学士学位的重要依据。首先,学生通过四年的英语系统学习,巩固了英语单词的各种意义、搭配、用法、词序,句子的定义、结构、种类和用法,掌握了写作的基本要素和技巧,再加上毕业论文写作实践,这样就培养了学生初步的研究、分析和总结问题的能力,为日后进一步从事相关学科的研究做好准备。其次,毕业论文是在导师指导和启发下,学生认真阅读文献,精心选题,广泛收集资料并反复修改初稿的过程中完成的。这里,除了体现导师的高超指导思想外,还能具体反映学生的学习基础和整体素质,也能暴露出导师教学中所存在的问题和不足,并促使导师对此进行深入思考。再次,毕业论文是学生留给学校的一份特殊的精神财富。每届学生留下的毕业论文中不乏优秀之作,学校可以用它来启发教育后来的学生,丰富导师的教学内容,帮助导师分析解决某些实际问题或理论问题。

二、毕业论文导师应具备的素质

毕业论文的撰写必须在导师的指导下进行。而导师精心的指导是学生完成毕业论文的必要条件和重要保证。因此良好的导师综合素质至关重要。具体表现如下:一,由于论文写作是一项综合性很强的工作,其最后成果是通过写作实践表现出来的,因此指导导师本身必须具备较强的英语能力和英语写作实践经验。二,论文的理论性和专业性决定了导师必须具有较高的理论素养和创新精神。不但要在某一领域有所专长,而且要了解该领域的最新成果和研究动向。三,指导导师的严谨的治学态度和高尚的人格魅力会直接影响学生的论文质量和研究态度。一个好的指导导师应该德才兼备,对学生一视同仁、不怀偏见,必须注意尊重学生的劳动,对学生既严格要求,又循循善诱,直到圆满完成论文指导任务。

三、毕业论文实践环节中存在的问题及对策

在毕业论文写作中,导师的任务则是“导”,学生的任务是“写”。当指导论文写作时,导师应该最大限度地调动学生的主观能动性,开发其一切潜能,使他们顺利地完成论文写作。然而通过多年论文指导我们发现,学生在写毕业论文的过程中经常会出现这样一些问题必须引起注意:一,学生选题不恰当;二,指导教师不负责;三,师生交流少;四,学生剽窃他人成果现象严重;五,学生写作论文时间没有保证。针对以上问题,我们在指导论文时要狠抓以下六个环节。

第一,毕业论文任务布置提前进行。通过协商,我们将原计划四年级下学期开始的论文工作提前到四年级上学期安排,这样导师和学生就会有充裕的时间和机会进行接触和交流,尽可能提前保质保量将论文的选题确定下来,并根据老师的安排,认真收集相关资料,并仔细研读,做好读书笔记,在导师的指导下完成文献综述的撰写任务。

第二,审定好论文题目。我们知道选好论文题目是关键,英语专业论文的方向有很多,如国际商务、英语教育教学、英语语言学、英汉翻译和翻译理论、中西文化、法律和英语国家文学等。因此,导师首先要了解学生的研究兴趣和方向,通过反复讨论确定选题,避免选题过大、过小和过旧。

第三,指导学生制定毕业论文的具体写作进度和计划,时间安排科学,并确保定期检查和督促他们按照各时间极点保质保量地完成相应的任务,以配合学校对论文工作的分期检查。

第四,指导学生收集和阅读有关的参考文献,根据不同学生的情况,开列必要的参考书目。要求学生围绕毕业论文的主题做读书卡片或摘要,对拥有的资料进行消化和整理,并指导学生如何利用图书馆、中知网及因特网搜索相关信息。

第五,科学指导学生拟定论文提纲。好的提纲必须是可以扩大思路,可以按次序安排好写作素材、确定论文的结构和各部分的主要内容。

第六,审阅论文,并指导论文答辩的方法和技巧。尤其是答辩环节,答辩不但能考查学生在专业领域所具备的知识结构、知识深度、知识广度、专业技能和创新能力,而且能就学生的英语语音基本功、语法基本功、口语表达能力、思维方式、临场应变能力等方面进行考核,这一环节至关重要。

所有这些都离不开导师的启发和指导。科学的思维开发不但能提高论文的质量,而且能使人终身受益。论文是靠语言来表达的,而语言则是思维的工具。因此导师对学生的思维进行开发尤为重要。在论文写作中,如果导师引导有方,学生有可能在写作时,突然产生某种灵感,使论文具有创造性,或者在写作中遇到难点、陷入困境时,因受启发,会有意外的收获。英语专业毕业论文的写作不仅是学生们检验所学,培养理解分析能力的必要手段,而且是导师检验其教学效果、改进教学方法、提高教学质量的绝好机会。

总之,没有良好的毕业论文实践环节的英语专业教学是极不完善的,反之,如果毕业生既有扎实的课堂理论知识,又经过一段时间的较充实的毕业论文实践活动,这样的教学才是理想的、现实的和科学的,培养出的人才才能是市场急需的。十多年毕业实践环节建设表明,只要我们向着毕业论文实践教学目标的吻合性、安排的科学性、操作的可行性和有效性方向不断努力,就肯定能为社会培养越来越多的合格人才。

参考文献:

[1]刘久昌.怎样利用图书馆.书目文献出版社,1981.

法语毕业论文篇(6)

中图分类号:G642 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-3791(2014)09(c)-0135-01

该文拟论述毕业论文培养应贯穿于整个本科阶段的课程教学,分析毕业论文培养与课程教学之间的关系,从英语本科毕业论文存在的问题来审视目前的英语本科教育,探索其对英语本科教育的指导性。

1 毕业论文培养环节与课程教学

教学计划上所谓毕业论文培养环节只是用来界定毕业前的最后学习阶段,而对学生的培养远不仅限于此阶段。《高等院校英语专业教学大纲》也指出:“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力,评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。”[2]由此可见,毕业论文的质量反映了本科阶段的教学质量。它表明了学生的外语水平和实际应用外语的能力,学生发现并提出问题、解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力[1]。这些能力的培养都涉及到本科阶段的所有课程教学,远非短期的毕业论文写作指导所能及。另外,可以看出毕业论文是对本科教学质量的检测,而毕业论文存在的问题也集中体现了常规教学中的弊端。分析毕业论文存在的问题可以有效地指导常规课程教学,而课程教学质量的提高也必将体现到毕业论文质量上。

2 存在主要问题

通过对某高校2007、2008级英语本科毕业论文的综合分析,以及对这两界毕业生进行的问卷调查,发现毕业论文写作存在的问题集中体现在以下两个方面。

首先,英语语言能力较差,思路不清晰,语言缺乏逻辑性。学生英语行文能力差,语法错误多,文章可读性较低。写作目的不明确,陈述思路混乱,经常出现文不对题的情况。很多同学虽然用英文行文但是却用汉语思维组织语言,使行文前后不连贯缺乏逻辑性,且不注重段与段之间的粘连,整篇文章呈现出零散,脱节,中心不明确的状态。

其次,缺乏问题意识;论证过程缺乏理论支撑。学生缺乏问题意识,对所学的知识大多是被动的接受,很少对所学知识进行创造性思考;另外学生的知识积淀较少,无从发现问题。因此绝大部分学生的选题通过网上搜索,拼凑而来,这给论文写作带了极大的困难。再者,学生对相关理论知识被动接受,不能与实际相结合应用到论证过程中,这使得文章缺乏说服力,大多停留于感性层面的叙述。

根据以上两个方面问题,笔者将本科教育阶段的课程分为语言能力基础课程,高年级专业课程两类来探究毕业论文对课程教学的反拨效应。

3 对课程教学的反拨效应

3.1 语言能力基础课程

学生在毕业论文写作中表现出来的英语行文能力差不能简单地归咎于写作、语法或某一门课程。语言能力的听、说、读、写是一个有机整体,是相互依存,相互作用的。因此,英语语言能力低是所有听说读写的基础课程的问题。反思一下这些基础课程就不难找出其中原因。阅读课和听力课上教师注重传授解题技巧,如何在考试中得高分。通常课程内容是大量解题训练,而不注重学生对整篇文章的综合分析和理解。语法课大多是教师孜孜不倦地讲解语法点然后做大量的应试练习,脱离了作为载体的语言,学习语法的意义也仅仅是卷子上一个高低不同的分数而已。写作课亦是如此,固定的框架,模式,句型一切都服务于考试。综合英语本是一门将听说读写整合并形成语言自主输出的课程,但学生被要求背单词,背课文,大部分时间是被动地接受,很少有在真实的语言环境中进行自主语言输出的机会。不难看出,语言能力培养的基础课程的重心偏向于应试训练而忽略学生这个主体,久而久之,学生也习惯这样的被动接受。然而,要使教师所传授的这些语言规则支配的语言行为达到完全自由自主的程度,即内化为学生自己的语言能力,是需要大量的自主的语言输出练习才能转化为语言技能,才能帮助学生顺利地完成毕业论文写作。因此,要提高学生的语言能力,就要将语言能力基础课程的重心转向学生语言能力的培养,如何在大量的自主语言输出训练中将输入,分析,理解,归纳,总结,输出内化为学生自己的语言能力。

3.2 高年级专业课程

高级专业课程主要是指语言学、文学、翻译方向的相关课程,以及一些行业英语课程。这些课程是学生毕业论文题目的主要来源。然而,学生在毕业论文阶段却表现出缺乏问题意识,不能发现问题,更不用说解决问题。而论文选题的动因是在于发现问题,这样才能就题而论,有话可说。[3]这与基础课程养成的被动接受的习惯不无关系,更重要的是在教学中教师通常只激发学生的低级心里过程(lower mental process)。以文学课为例,老师讲授每个时期特点,文学贡献,某个作家的生平,著作,对文学理论进行介绍以及一些著名作品的分析,考试的内容也大致如此。学生只需要简单背诵,再现即可,背诵再现即是不需要思维的低级心里过程。而毕业论文写作恰恰需要调动学生的高级思维过程(higher mental process),需要学生有缜密的外语思维能力,批判的、系统的推理能力和跨文化沟通能力。[4]久而久之,学生自然很难通过自主思维发现问题,即缺乏问题意识。因此,对于选题往往采取“拿来主义”,以至于论文写作时无话可说,只能继续采取“拿来主义”。由此可见,高级专业课程应该思考如何调动学生的高级心里过程,提高学生的问题意识,学会如何发现问题,用缜密严谨的思维分析问题,解决问题。

4 结论

本科教育是一个系统工程,毕业论文项目和其它课程均为此系统的构成要素,它们不应是孤立存在而应是相互联系、相互作用。[5]同时,毕业论文对本科教育进行综合检测,对本科教育起到有益的指导作用,促使高校改进并提高教学质量,而教学质量的提高又反作用于毕业论文写作,从而从根本上提高毕业论文质量。

参考文献

[1] 教育部高等教育司.北京市教育委员会.高等学校毕业设计(论文)指导手册外语卷(修订版)[Z].北京:高等教育出版社 经济日报出版社,2007:1.

[2] 高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000:5.

法语毕业论文篇(7)

指导教师

职称

论文题目

论文完成日期  2012年03月  论文字数

申请答辩时间  2011年05月  申请答辩理由:

本文在比较广泛地搜索、整理并系统地归纳总结出英语动词主被动语态之间不对称现象的大量翔实、可靠的语言材料,在此基础上结合相关语言学理论展开严谨的科学分析和理论探索。

本文主要研究发现:首先,对英语主被动语态之间的不同选择根源于英语动词的行为本身包含的行为特征,对英语动词本身的语义特征及内涵的深入认识在英语主被动语态认知方面起重要的作用;其次,英语主动语态转换成被动语态时会导致部分句子成分的位置移动,这也有可能引起句子语义的变化;再次,英语中存在一些词类,比如,限定词,数量词和代词等肯能影响英语主被动语态的选择;最后,英语语态的选择与转换不仅仅涉及到句法结构,主要信息的变化,而且关系到语用、语义和人类认知心理诸多个方面。

此外,对英语主被动语态之间不对称现象的切入点在于英语动词这一词类本身,所以,以英语词类为切入点或可作为一种研究方法,来研究、认识英语语言乃至普遍语言的规律性的东西。

最后如何将英语主被动语态不对称现象的深层原因,比如动词的行为特征,英语句法,英汉思维差距等因素体现在英语动词语法习得和使用过程中是值得继续探讨的问题。

本人保证:所提交论文完全为个人工作成果,所用资料、实验结果及计算数。

(通过查阅文献和阅读相关资料,严格按照毕业论文的格式和要求,完成论文的撰写工作。经过指导教师审核检查、评阅教师审核,所写论文已经达到了本科生毕业论文要求,特申请进行毕业论文答辩。

经过长时间的充分准备,所有设计资料已经准备齐全,在第一草、二草、三草、征稿等阶段的不断推敲上,已全部完成毕业设计(论文)的要求内容。现已向答辩组提交的内容有:1、毕业设计(论文)任务书,2、毕业设计(论文)开题报告,3、毕业论文,4、毕业设计(论文)指导教师记录表,5、

毕业设计(论文)指导教师中期检查表,7、毕业设计(论文)答辩申请表。综上所述,本人已具备参加答辩能力,现向答辩组提出正式申请,望批准!(根据学校要求自己改一下)  指导教师意见:该生认真系统的学习了时间序列的理论和方法,查阅大量文献,在论文写作过程中虚心听取指导教师的意见。论文内容充实,层次结构合理科学,格式规范,语言表达清楚、流畅。达到本科生毕业论文水平。同意参加答辩。

签名:

法语毕业论文篇(8)

    重庆文理学院教学部2009年组织的一次重庆市高校文学类专业本科毕业论文(设计)专题调研报告的数据显示:“目前,从高校文学类专业本科毕业论文(设计)改革研究方面来看,涉及到管理制度、质量监控、评价标准方面的研究较多,毕业论文写作模式创新改革研究的较少。即便是有,也仅是个别应用性较强的专业作了一些尝试,如广告学、文秘专业在毕业论文(设计)方面强调学生以作品、实作代替毕业论文写作,但缺乏深入的、整体性的研究。”[2]2009年10月,学校《重庆文理学院本科学生毕业论文(设计)改革方案》,要求各学院根据方案结合本院实际和专业特点制定本科学生毕业论文(设计)改革实施方案,由教学部审定后执行。学校明确提出:以科学发展观为指导,全面贯彻落实学校第三次教学工作会精神,以培养学生实践能力和创新能力为重点,深化本科学生毕业论文(设计)教学改革,提高应用型专门人才培养质量。文学与传媒学院汉语言文学专业作为向应用型本科院校转型后极具代表性的传统师范教育专业,长期以来,毕业论文(设计)模式单一,过分强调毕业论文(设计)的科研创新,忽略毕业论文(设计)环节对学生实践能力和应用能力的培养。

    二、汉语言文学专业毕业论文工作的实证调查与分析

    我们从2009年9月份开始对我校汉语言文学专业本科生进行毕业论文(设计)工作现状调查,主要涉及毕业论文(设计)管理制度、毕业论文(设计)监控制度、毕业论文(设计)模式改革等方面。一共发出问卷122份,收回有效问卷119份。单从学生对毕业论文(设计)模式改革的态度,可以看出绝大部分学生(占89.4%)支持毕业论文(设计)模式的改革。同时学生也对采用何种毕业论文(设计)模式提出了很好的看法。因此,我们认为,作为应用型本科院校转型后的传统师范教育专业———汉语言文学专业毕业论文(设计)改革势在必行。目前我校经过毕业论文(设计)初步的改革,毕业论文(设计)的写作时间已经得到保障,毕业论文(设计)的规章制度已经比较健全,从指导教师到学生毕业论文(设计)的改革意识已经基本到位。但是对于作为应用型本科院校转型后的传统师范教育专业———汉语言文学专业本科毕业论文(设计)模式到底该如何改革却仍然处于摸索状态。总体而言,关于汉语言文学专业本科毕业论文(设计)改革的理论研究多,实践研究少;毕业论文(设计)工作制度研究多,毕业论文(设计)模式研究少;学术性毕业论文(设计)研究多,毕业论文(设计)对学生实践能力培养的研究少;毕业论文(设计)管理制度、质量监控制度研究多,毕业论文(设计)对学生专业能力提升的研究少。

    三、汉语言文学专业毕业论文(设计)改革方式探索

    作为转型后的汉语言文学专业毕业论文(设计)工作存在种种弊端,很明显地不适应应用型本科专业人才培养质量的提高。我们认为,应用型本科院校毕业论文(设计)工作应突出大学与社会结合、理论与实践结合,从激发学生的创造性潜质、提高学生专业技能为出发点,将各专业主要教学内容和素质要求,集中整合在毕业论文(设计)的内容和组织活动中。引导学生系统整合、灵活运用所学知识和技能,独立思考,发现问题,创造性地解决问题,对学生综合素质和专业技能进行“组装”和提升,实现大学与社会的“无缝接轨”。因此,汉语言文学专业毕业论文(设计)改革应该从专业人才培养目标着手,确定受学生和教师欢迎并对学生专业能力有提升价值的毕业论文(设计)改革方式。本文将就如何进一步细化汉语言文学专业的毕业论文(设计)方式改革阐述初步的看法。

    (一)汉语言文学专业人才培养目标分析

    毕业论文(设计)工作是实现专业人才培养目标的重要一环,以往的毕业论文(设计)过分强调学生学术科研能力的培养,但是对应用型本科院校的学生来说,人才培养的主要目标并非学术科研能力,而是动手应用能力。这种能力培养目标的转变,也要求毕业论文(设计)改革方向的转变。因此,我们应从专业人才职业能力培养要求出发,“往回找”毕业论文(设计)改革的着重点。汉语言文学专业主要培养能适应社会主义现代化建设需要,德、智、体、美等全面协调发展,具有汉语言文学基本理论、基础知识和专业技能,具有较强的适应性和创新精神,能在中学、中等职业技术学校从事教育教学的语文教师,以及能够从事秘书、记者、编辑等实际工作的高素质应用型专门人才。参考丁晓原对应用型本科院校汉语言文学专业学生核心能力的看法[1],笔者认为,从我们的专业人才培养目标来看,汉语言文学专业学生应掌握的职业能力如下图所示:

    (二)汉语言文学专业毕业论文(设计)改革方式

    从上表可以看出,汉语言文学专业学生在大学期间必须具备的专业能力主要包括科研创新能力、文学创作能力、口语表达能力以及实践教学能力。我们认为,从这四种能力出发,毕业论文(设计)改革应为培养这四种能力提供多种方式任学生选择,构建以科研创新能力、文学创作能力、口语表达能力以及实践教学能力为核心评价指标的毕业论文(设计)模式,将毕业论文(设计)工作贯穿汉语言文学专业人才培养的全过程。

    1.毕业论文(设计)检验科研创新能力毕业论文(设计)改革并不是学生从此不用写学术论文了,对部分有意于考研或者学术研究的学生,我们仍然需要检验他们的科研创新能力。针对以往学生在学术论文写作中“选题范围越来越窄、优秀论文越来越少、抄袭现象时有发生”等问题,我们提出如下思路提高学生的科研创新能力。首先,将学术论文写作与传统课堂教学有机地联系起来,从大一入学开始,专业课教师在授课、作业、考试中都可结合本科生的毕业论文进行如何选题、如何找资料、如何确定框架等的训练[2]。这样做的好处是让学生从大学入学起就可以在夯实专业理论基础的同时,逐步提高对科研的兴趣。其次,专业课教师应该引导学生“走近当代文坛,注意当代文学创作的新动向,参与文学评论,对文学创作现实作直接发言”[3];同时要关注新的语言现象,对生动活泼的语言世界作出解释。这样教会学生善于发现问题,解决问题,必然能提高学生的科研创新能力。

    2.毕业创作检验文学创作能力针对汉语言文学专业的特点,我们应该对部分有意于文学创作的学生提供以文学创作能力为核心评价指标的毕业创作形式代替毕业论文。汉语言文学专业并不专门培养从事文学创作的作家,但是对于学生来说,文学创作可能是一种兴趣爱好,因此在毕业论文(设计)改革过程中,应给予这一部分学生一定的选择空间,将4000字以上的文学原创作品,已经发表的可以直接参加答辩,没有发表的由学院组织专家进行鉴定,通过后参加答辩。学院应组织专家尽快制定以文学创作能力为核心评价指标的毕业论文(设计)评价体系,同时讨论确定文学原创作品发表的级别以及学院鉴定的标准。学生入学时即向学生公布,引导部分文学爱好者从大一开始就规划自己的文学创作,四年磨一剑,在导师的指导下打磨自己的作品,或许在毕业时真能出几篇佳作。

    3.毕业展演检验口语表达能力口语表达能力是汉语言文学专业学生重要的职业技能之一,诸如讲故事、诗文朗诵、话剧表演、相声表演、小品表演、口语辩论等。有共同兴趣的学生可以在第六学期组成毕业展演小组,合作完成一个项目,如表演一个话剧或话剧片段,表演一个相声或小品,朗诵诗文或讲故事,也可以组成攻辩双方开展辩论,指导教师全程参与指导。在毕业前夕,学院集中组织全院汉语言文学专业毕业展演,指导教师或者专家根据学院建立的毕业展演评价标准现场组织答辩。以毕业展演代替毕业论文可以检验该专业学生在口语表达上的能力,体现学院在人才培养方面所取得的成就,学院也可以此打造专业人才培养品牌。

    4.毕业设计检验实践教学能力毕业设计主要面向部分有意于从事语文教学的学生,以实践教学能力为核心评价指标。根据汉语言文学专业人才培养方案,该专业核心实践能力即语文教学实践能力,可以此建立毕业设计评价指标体系。毕业设计要求撰写文案策划参加开题,通过后开始实做。在答辩环节,要求现场展示,学院组织答辩委员会观摩提问。此模式目前已经在我院2007级汉语言文学专业中试行,有36名同学选择语文教学实践为毕业设计选题。从目前的情况来看,学生选择小学语文教学的占10%,绝对多数人选择中学语文教学为毕业设计的选题,很明显地显示出对未来的职业定位,多数同学表示,选择毕业设计对就业有很大的促进作用。

法语毕业论文篇(9)

1.引言

严格说来,听、说、读、写、译五个方面的技能在任何一门外语的学习中都处于同等重要的位置,很难说孰重孰轻。若非要进行比较、分个伯仲,在以上几项技能中,写的能力当属最重要。这是因为,写作能力的高低往往会直接决定外语学习中听、说、读、译等技能方面的好坏。英语写作能力强,则有可能直接促进英语听、说、读、译能力的提高。反之,如果一个人的英语写作能力一般,就很难想象其英语的听、说、读、译的水平与能力会好到哪里去。难怪在语言学领域内,有人提出了“一切课程均为写作课。”(All courses are writing courses.)的主张。

作为毕业必要条件的英语毕业论文的写作更能反映学了近四年英语专业课程的英语专业毕业生的综合英语能力。用英语语言撰写毕业论文的写作过程,实际上是英语专业学生大量阅读有关语言学、文学、经贸、跨文化交际、英语学习、翻译实践与理论等选题方向文献背景知识的输入过程。同时,用英语撰写毕业论文的过程是英语专业大四学生输出其近四年专业知识习得的过程,学生过去近四年所学的关于基础英语、英语阅读、英语听力、英语写作、英汉互译、语言学、英语国家与文化等方面的知识,往往在整个毕业论文的撰写过程中得以体现。另外,用英语撰写毕业论文也能反映学生的英语逻辑思维能力和英语语言的组织及表述能力,论文写作的叙事论理过程能很好地体现学生的逻辑思辨能力。可以说,投入近半年时间写成的英语毕业论文能从很大程度上反映英语专业本科学生的英语专业素养。作为英语学术论文写作课程教师和多次同时指导英语专业三本和一本、二本学生撰写毕业论文的导师,笔者发现,相比英语专业一本、二本学生而言,独立学院英语专业本科学生撰写英语英语毕业论文的能力相对薄弱。下面笔者以指导的温州大学瓯江学院17位2010级英语专业本科学生撰写的英语毕业论文为例,窥探独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文撰写能力的现状。

2.英语学术论文写作中存在的种种问题

虽然经历了大一、大二阶段基础英语、英语写作、英语口语、英语写作、英语阅读,以及大三、大四阶段高级英语、笔译、口译、英美文学、英语国家与文化、语言学等课程的学习和熏陶,但是很多即使通过了英语专业八级考试(TEM8)行将毕业的英语专业本科学生在其英语毕业论文写作过程中还是存在大量的错误,有的错误叫人忍俊不禁,有的让人看了会暴跳如雷、不忍卒读。

2.1单词拼写错误

笔者发现,行将毕业的英语专业本科毕业生普遍存无法正确拼写英语单词的困难。一方面,许多学生未能记住不少英语原形动词的正确拼写形式,另一方面,他们往往拿不准一些动词的现在分词形式、过去分词和过去式的正确拼写形式。同时,一些名词的复数、副词和形容词的比较级和最高级的拼写形式也令他们感到头疼。与以往一样,在指导温州大学瓯江学院17位2010级行将毕业的英语专业本科学生撰写英语毕业论文的过程中,笔者花费了大量的时间和精力、一遍又一遍修改他们出现的英语单词拼写错误。以下是学生在Word工具栏下的“拼写和语法”识别功能的帮助下还存在的英语单词拼写错误案例:

(1)As we all known,China is not only a big country with a large population.

(2)Listening,speaking,reading,writting and translation are equally important in learning a foreign language.

(3)The Frist Primary School of Shangcheng town,Longwan detrict,was brought up in September 1949...

(4)It is ture that reading makes a full man.

(5)There many different kinds of problem in the translation.Many causes have contributed to this phenomena.

(6)They never learn a word in deep,what they master just the surface.

(下划线由笔者所加,下同。)

2.2字母大、小写错误

英语单词字母大、小写拼写错误是独立学院英语专业本科毕业生英语毕业论文撰写过程中的又一常见错误。不少学生似乎不知道或者忽视了英语单词字母大、小写的如下规定:每个英语句子的首词首字母始终要大写;专有名词中的实词的首字母要大写而虚词的首字母要小写(位于句首时例外);普通名词表特指时其首字母要大写;分号后面句子的首词首字母要小写等。举例如下:

(1)As the development of globalization,china’s relation with other countries has become more and more closer ,especially in the area of economy ,culture and technology.

(2)In the late 20th century,western scholars began to further study abbreviations by employing cognitive linguistics,computational linguistics and psychological linguistics.

(3)Translation of Public Signs in Wenzhou city of syntax errors is also a wide range of variety.

(4)As everyone knows,Coca-cola is American famous trademark.In China,it has been translated into“可口可乐”,the transliteration“可口可乐”of the brand name “Coca-cola” not only keep the formal rhythm,but also make customers know what is it when they heard this brand.

2.3英语措辞错误

用恰当的英文词汇表达恰当的意思是英语学术论文写作的一大要求。然而,笔者发现,众多独立学院英语专业本科学生在英文行文措辞方面存在较大困难,往往存在词不达意、犯中式英语的毛病。举例如下:

(1)The translator should pay attention to improve their own professional quality.

(2)At present,Wenzhou city public language translation still exist many problems,such as death problem translation,hard translation and printing,spelling,grammar errors.

(3)There have many different kinds of problem in the translation.

(4)In general English,there are many words often used in our daily life.

(5)Medical English vocabulary is rather large,may be on general dictionary has collected more than 56,000 thousand items.

2.4标点符号使用混乱

标点符号在写作与翻译中的意义与作用非同寻常,对同一句子使用不同的标点符号会使句意相应发生变化。标点符号的使用不当,除会造成误会外,甚至会给自己或他人造成巨大的损失。山东淄博一公司因协议录入失误,点错逗号,从而损失35万元[1],这一事件便说明了小小标点符号的重大意义。

汉语本无标点,现代汉语中的标点是借用英文标点而来的,在具体使用中又与英文行文标点略有不同。如:汉语的省略号为六点“……”,而英文行文表省略则用三点“…”;汉语中的句号为“。”,而英文则用“.”;汉语有顿号,英文却无,而用逗号取而代之;汉语有书名号,英文则用下划线或斜体字表示作品名;英文直接引语中说话人后用逗号,而汉语却用冒号。另外,汉语中表选择时也不用英文中的“/”符号,而用括号“( )”。只有在通晓中、英两种语言文字标点使用原则的前提下,在中英文写作时方不致出现标点使用上的尴尬和错误。然而,笔者发现,独立学院英语专业本科学生在英语毕业论文的撰写过程中存在大量标点符号使用不当的现象。举例如下:

(1)Many English major students want to be a translator in the future,but their translate skill is not so well,their knowledge is not so broaden and the most important is that their vocabulary is small.

(2)People may wonder why it grows so rapidly?

(3)There are a lot of different usages of nouns,all the general terms such as the name of company and team and other proper nouns;

(4)Therefore,a large number of French vocabulary blend into old English,old English lost a lot of inflection,Middle English was formed.

(5)The ancientness mainly put up in the vocabulary usage,it remained and raised a large number of vocabularies which is become the “obsolete words” in British English.

2.5句法错误

英语句法的正确与否在很大程度上直接决定整个英语学术论文的质量高低。英语写作中的句子成分的正确使用、主谓一致、句子衔接、人称照应、时态、语态、语气等,都是英语学术论文写作中应该重点关注的问题。笔者发现,英语句法错误是独立学院英语专业本科学生写作英语毕业论文面临的最大障碍,句法方面的错误可以说俯拾即是。

(1)Search on the Internet,there is only a few information about the definition of the words “unusual meaning”.

(2)When referred to how to illustrate “etiquette”,we can put it into two parts.

(3)From the investigation,the author have found:(1)88% of respondents rate recognized the importance of E-C translation competence in English learning.

(4)We all know that the role of the brand names is complex.It must perform a number of quite different functions satisfactorily.

(5)As China are presenting itself as one of the mayor partner for the world main economies,with much attention attached to different aspects of a real China,the English speaking countries not only interested in the Chinese economy system,but also the cultural background for familiarizing with the Chinese way of thinking and doing things,as the Sunwu has said in his strategy guiding book that if you know your opponent well,you can win a competitive edge and save half your work in gaining a victory,so does in the cooperation between different countries.

(6)So most of time when they do translation,the don’t know how to choose the right meaning of the word,sometimes they use the common meaning of the word,because they just know this one,which lead to the translation is not so pleasure.

(7)However,for people in England,they attached great importance to localism.

3.问题分析

独立学院英语专业本科学生撰写英语毕业论文的能力较为薄弱,这已是不争的事实,其原因可归纳为以下三点。

3.1英语基础薄弱

事实表明,很多独立学院英语专业本科学生在中小学阶段就没有打好英语学习的基础,很多学生还不知道基本的英语句子写作规范、不了解英语单词的分类和大小写要求,未记住众多英语单词的正确拼写形式,更不用说各种词类的语法变化形式,不知晓或不记得英语行文标点符号的写作规范要求。薄弱的基础直接决定了其在撰写英语毕业论文的过程中无法正确地拼写英语词汇、无法正确地遣词造句和准确地使用标点符号,更不用说用正确的英语语句和词汇来进行推理和论证了。

3.2学习方法欠妥

处于信息时代的独立学院英语专业本科学生过多地依赖电子媒体来学习英语,英语专业教师用PPT和其他电子媒介来授课,学生用手机来查英语单词,一切与英语学习的方式都依赖电子媒介和快餐式的教学手段及方式。其结果是学生根本记不住英语单词的拼写形式,不了解英语单词的具体用法,不会运用所学单词正确地遣词造句,记不得各种句法规范。由此独立学院英语专业本科生很多都变成了只会说些不标准的英语,能听懂一些简单的英语对话,而不会用正确的英语进行读写的现代“英语文盲”。

3.3疏于第二课堂的学习

英语并非中国人的母语,这就注定了英语的学习是困难的。要学好英语,就得下工夫提高英语的听、说、读、写、译、唱能力。然而,笔者的调查问卷表明,绝大多数独立学院的英语专业本科学生的第二课堂学习做得不理想,鲜少有学生每天用英文写日记,很少有学生经常用英语与外籍人士交流,没有几位学生坚持每天收听英语广播,几乎没有学生反映他们交了英文笔友,也没有发现有学生喜欢练习演唱英文歌曲,少有学生在课后用笔记法复习英语单词及其用法,没有几位学生有兴趣参加“英语角”并讲英语。独立学院大多数英语专业本科学生的英语基础本身就弱,而后天又疏于第二课堂的学习,从而制约了其英语学术论文写作的能力和水平也就不足为怪了。

4.提高独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文写作能力之我见

改变独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文写作能力和水平薄弱的现状,关键在于学生本人。要提高其英语学术论文写作能力,独立学院英语专业本科学生应做到以下两点。

4.1必须重视第二课堂的学习

笔者发现,独立学院英语专业英语毕业论文写得较好的学生往往都十分重视第二课堂的学习。英语毕业论文撰写过程中的遣词造句、行文表述和叙事论理都与第二课堂的学习密切关联。一位英语毕业论文写作获优秀成绩的学生反映,她坚持每天写英文日记,看到外籍人士就有冲动――想讲英语的冲动,每年都订阅《21世纪》英文报纸等。

的确,坚持写英文日记是学生提高英文写作能力与水平的最可行的途径。大凡文豪或语言大师的语言积累与造化,无不从写日记开始。英语专业本科学生应与以英文为母语的外籍人士交笔友,感受他们原汁原味的文风。还要每天收听半小时的英文广播、观看健康向上的英语电影,以及对报纸刊杂志或笔友的行文造句模仿与吸收到自己再创造,通过持之以恒地练习,从而最终获得成功的喜悦。凡事唯手熟耳,英语学术论文写作能力的提高也不例外。

4.2回归传统笔记学习法

电子媒介在方便英语专业本科学生学习英语的同时,大大制约其英语听、说、读、写、译的能力。很多独立学院英语专业本科学生患上了英语“写失症”,无法准确拼写单词,不能正确运用句法表达思想。有鉴于此,独立学院英语专业本科学生应该回归传统的笔记学习法,每天用笔记忆单词的拼写和用法,记忆句法规范,用笔复习、整理学习的各种语法知识,从而为英语学术论文的撰写打下基础,否则,要写出高水平的英语学术论文将永远是个美梦。

5.结语

法语毕业论文篇(10)

[中图分类号]H193.6[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-8610(2016)01-0132-03

本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标要求的重要教学环节,也是检验学生综合素质与实践能力培养效果的手段,还是评价学校教育质量和办学水平的重要标尺。独立学院作为我国高等学校本科办学模式的新生力量,主要以培养素质高、能力强、会创新、能创业的高级应用型人才为目标。毕业论文反映独立学院内涵建设的水平,关系学校的办学声誉和可持续发展。

一、问题的提出与研究现状

目前,我国高校大部分独立学院都以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一,课程设置方面也在一定程度上做出了与母体学校相区别的设置,但在毕业论文这一环节却多半没有明显的区分度,尤其是文科语言类的专业,依然以撰写学术论文的形式存在。学习过程中侧重实践与应用,但在毕业论文环节又绕回到了重理论与学术研究的状态,此种矛盾不仅困扰了众多的学生,也令许多论文指导老师一筹莫展。学生在撰写毕业论文的过程中困难重重,较常见的问题有:科研经验不足、科研兴趣偏低、选题困难、难以创新等。论文指导老师抱怨较多的方面则是:学生逻辑论证能力差、阅读量太少、科研语言表达能力欠缺、学术论文格式规范度不高、畏难情绪严重、主动性不够等。从师生两方面反映的困难不难看出,诸多问题的存在与课程设置、学习过程中缺乏与撰写学术论文相应的支撑有密切关系。也可以理解为:毕业论文的撰写形式与培养过程中重实践与应用的模式不匹配。为此,相继有学者对独立学院的本科毕业论文改革展开研究。在知网的搜索显示,关于本科毕业论文改革的文章,以“独立学院毕业论文”为关键词的论文有22篇,时间段集中在2008年至2014年,平均每年为3.6篇。而以“独立学院英语专业毕业论文”为关键词的有关论文为3篇,研究角度集中在写作过程调查、问题与对策等方面。有青年学者提出以配音讲解作品替代学术论文的做法。[1]147-150也有学者认为毕业论文要与社会接轨。[2]123甚至还有学者对毕业论文与实习和就业一体化模式进行了探讨,主张毕业论文的选题与学生实习、就业紧密相关外,还提出学生可用外语类职业资格证书、部级竞赛获奖证书等方式申请免撰写毕业论文。[3]99-102与此相对应的,公立院校针对本科毕业论文改革进行研究的论文则高达上万篇,时间也要久远得多,有专门针对理工科专业的,如《电子信息专业本科毕业论文改革实践》[4]84-87,也有专门针对文科专业的,如《毕业论文改革:高校新闻本科教育改革的切入点》。[5]110-112姑且不论独立学院是20世纪80年代的新生事物,但相关研究论文绝对量较少,是否就意味着独立学院毕业论文改革的重要性偏低,必要性不具备呢?答案是否定的。课题小组以南国商学院英语类本科专业2013届、2014届和2015届连续三届毕业生为研究对象开展的重点校级课题中所采集的有关数据显示:应用型本科学生的毕业论文改革势在必行。

二、项目研究设计

本课题的目的在于结合学校英语类本科专业毕业论文的现实情况,提出改革的方案,进行改革实践,推动独立学院本科毕业论文科学发展。据此,特拟定了如下研究内容:一是审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标,究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合;二是考察本专业的人才培养方案,看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。三是采取试验实践的方法,了解学生对其他形式的毕业设计是否感兴趣,具体做法包括:引导学生在大学期间积极写作,争取在省级及以上刊物公开;鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会;提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告;帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。

三、项目研究过程与研究结果

本课题研究的过程是通过审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标、考察专业人才培养方案和开展为期三年的试验实践的方式进行,最终通过分析试验和调查问卷数据,得出研究的结果。

(一)研究过程

1.审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标。审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标,究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合。学校以“通基础、精专业、强外语、重实践”为人才培养模式,致力于培养“应用型、复合型、外向型”人才。可见,在培养模式和培养目标方面总体上符合地区经济社会发展对独立学院人才培养的期望。2.考察专业人才培养方案。考察本专业的人才培养方案,看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。2013届的英语专业人才培养方案中,在三年级之前阅读和写作课程分别开设了两个学期,之后再无写作课程。也就是课程设置中并无有关学术论文写作的课程,但学生毕业之时要求撰写毕业论文。2014届和2015届的人才培养方案中,阅读和写作课程依然在低年级各开设了两个学期,但在三年级第二学期均开设了文献检索与论文写作课程。这意味着学生刚开始学习如何撰写学术论文就要开始撰写毕业论文了。此外,学校本科毕业论文(设计)工作管理办法中明确规定了论文指导老师的职责和毕业论文的格式等主要内容,可以理解为撰写学术论文是完成毕业论文的唯一形式。显然,专业人才培养方案中的课程设置与毕业检测形式不匹配,与应用型人才的培养目标不一致。3.开展毕业论文改革实践。针对人才培养方案的不足,在毕业论文论文撰写阶段采取试验实践的方法,帮助学生开展不同形式的论文撰写,突出实践性和应用性。一是引导学生在大学期间积极写作,争取在省级及以上刊物公开。凡是在本学科省级(含以上)刊物发表文章、译文的,且文章字数与毕业论文字数相当(约5000字),无论文章使用的语言是中文还是英文,只要在答辩前出刊,均可直接参与全英文答辩。选择公开的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》,内容要素与毕业论文开题报告书有较大不同,内容有“拟撰写字数”、“论文内容概要”、“拟发表刊物等级”和“进程安排”等方面。计划书通过后,在论文指导老师的引导下,完成论文的撰写与发表,最后经学院学术委员会审定能达到毕业论文要求的,允许参与答辩。二是鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会。翻译专业的人才培养目标是培养能熟练使用翻译工具,能够胜任不同文体文本的笔译、口译工作的应用型高级专门人才。由此可见,翻译是毕业生必备的技能,鼓励学生从事翻译实践无疑具有很强的职业预备性。翻译资料的方式可以是中译英,也可以是英译中,原始翻译资料的总字数需达到3000字以上。译文被公司采纳的学生,需结合翻译实践撰写2000字左右的全英文论述文章,经论文指导老师审定合格后,可以凭借书面的采纳证明申请参与全英文答辩,答辩时还需提供翻译原件和译稿。选择从事翻译实践的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》,计划书的内容要素有翻译类型选择“英译中/中译英”、翻译字数选择“1500字汉译英+1500字英译汉/3000字汉译英/3000字英译汉”、“拟翻译的内容概要”和“翻译公司的相关信息”(需提供相关证明材料)。三是提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告。商务英语专业的人才培养目标是培养能在国际环境中熟练使用英语从事经贸、管理、金融等领域商务工作的应用型高级专门人才。而近年来对毕业生就业开展的跟踪调查表明:有相当一部分毕业生会从事与市场有关的工作。因此本项目提倡学生结合专业实习撰写有关的调研文章或论述文章,且字数、文章质量与毕业论文相当时,经审定能达到毕业论文要求的,视为完成毕业论文,最后参与全英文答辩。在此过程中,选择撰写调研报告的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告》,与撰写普通学术论文相同,但要求学生通过制定调查问卷,收集下翔实的数据,文中就调查问卷所取得的数据进行统计分析,得出相关结论,且调查问卷需附在正文之后,供答辩小组成员参考。四是帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。根据人才培养方案的要求,英语专业的学生需具有较强的英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力,因此,通过适度的问卷调查从事跨文化比较研究也是比较贴近实际、提升学生语言运用能力的手段之一。对三届毕业生的选题进行分析发现,在导师的指导下,大量学生从事跨文化比较研究,类似的选题如:《英汉广告幽默文化对比》《中美灾难文化价值观异同》《中美商务谈判文化风格差异对比》和《中美企业文化差异对比》等。事实上,这些选题被学生认为易于撰写,并且完成得较好。五是告知学生还可用反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式替代毕业论文的撰写。其他与专业相关的创新设计,字数、质量与毕业论文相当,经审定达到毕业论文要求的形式均可由学生开展。如与在省级(含以上)刊物公开相当的有主持或者参与省级大学生创新项目;与参与翻译实践相当的有参加省级(含以上)口、笔译大赛并获奖;通过部级职业资格证书考试等等。视具体情况,由学生提出申请,学院学术委员会讨论通过,经审定合格的,均可视为达到毕业论文的水平。

(二)研究结果

1.改革实践数据统计。2013级305名毕业生中,有4人参与了翻译实践,占毕业人数的1.3%。2014届200名毕业生中,共有42人参与毕业论文改革实践。其中7人在公开刊物,占毕业人数的3.5%;35人从事翻译实践,占毕业人数的17.5%。参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为21%。2015届290名毕业生中,共有66人参与毕业论文改革实践,其中2人在公开刊物上发表文章,占毕业人数的0.6%,51人从事翻译实践,占毕业人数的17.6%,15人进行调查研究,占毕业人数的5%,参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为23.3%。三年的数据表明,参与毕业论文改革实践的学生绝对人数及比例呈逐年上升趋势。2.问卷调查数据分析。由于2015届为学院迄今为止毕业生人数较多、参与毕业论文改革人数最多的年级,故选择作为本次问卷调查的对象。问卷以不定项选择题和开放式问答题的形式,就“独立学院的大学生有无必要完成毕业论文?”,“毕业论文撰写方面遇到何种问题?”,以及“最希望以何种形式完成毕业论文?”等十项内容进行调查。经过对调查问卷收集的数据进行分析发现:学生普遍承认完成毕业论文是必要的、的确有利于综合素质的培养、也有利于科研能力的提升,并且对于英语表达能力的培养也有明显帮助;但资料贫乏、科研经验不足、语言表达跟不上和难以创新凸显了教学与检测的不对接。绝大部分学生认为现有的毕业论文形式的确需要进行改革,要实现教学内容与毕业检测的全面对接;有学生认为实践能力远比科研能力重要,学校需要对所开的专业课程进行相应改变以对接毕业论文改革。且不论学生看问题有无偏颇,从对人才培养方案的考察来看,学生要求教学内容与毕业检测对接的要求无疑是正确的。3.有待解决的问题。研究中反馈的问题包括三个方面:第一,在省级(含以上)刊物公开的学生均是使用中文撰写,虽然答辩时使用的是英文,但并不能完全说明其使用英文撰写毕业论文的能力也达到了相应的水平。是否要求学生在省级(含以上)刊物发表全英文的文章还有待进一步商榷。第二,根据论文指导老师的反馈,从事翻译实践的同学所翻译的译文初稿水平并不能达到相应要求,都需要指导老师的大力修改方能达到公司期望的水准。虽说在反复修改的过程中,学生的翻译能力也会因此而提高,但指导老师认为译稿的最终水平并非学生真实翻译能力的体现。如果委托公司借此聘用学生担任正式的翻译,日后在无教师指导下的翻译水平能否保证还有待考证。第三,暂时还未对反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式进行实践研究,也没有学生提出相关置换申请。课题组成员认为,毕业检测的形式应该没有穷尽。从研究的结果中发现,对于以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一的独立学院的英语类专业学生而言,虽然更看重自身实践能力的培养,但恰当的科研对于提高其综合的语言能力和研究能力有着不可或缺的作用。有关教学与检测对接问题的探索,不仅需要在课程设置方面开展研究,也需要在毕业论文的撰写形式方面积极改革,更需要对不同形式的毕业检测进行利弊分析,力争使教学过程与教学检测相一致,理论学习与实践应用相一致,在校学习与求职就业相一致,最终实现毕业论文撰写形式多样化、方式合理化、效果显著化的目标,提高独立学院的本科人才培养质量。

【参考文献】

[1]郭庆,黄运婷.英语专业本科毕业论文改革的研究与实践[J].太原师范学院学报(社会科学版),2013(3).

[2]奚道同,等.民办高校毕业论文(设计)改革方向研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2013,35(1).

[3]王淼.独立学院英语专业本科毕业论文、实习、就业一体化模式探索[J].海外英语,2014(6).

法语毕业论文篇(11)

毕业论文,是大学本科教学的最后1个环节。是对整个大学阶段学习的回顾与总结,是学生综合能力的体现,也是对学生的1次语言及相关科学研究的1次基本训练,因此,要求学生以高度认真负责的态度对待此项工作。

做好毕业论文的指导工作是整个大学教学和教育的重要和必要内容,也是理论教学的重要组成部分。每1位教师都要以高度的社会责任感和敬业精神投入到此项工作中去,指导学生顺利完成毕业论文任务。

2、 毕业论文的阶段及要求(1)准备:学生可以自由选择研究范围(语言、文学、文化、社会问题、应用英语、经济、贸易、科技、社会生活等),但要在教师的指导下对研究对象进行资料的收集整理和分析来确定毕业论文题目。

(2)撰写提纲: 学生在指导教师的指导下分析和研究所采集的资料的基础上,撰写毕业论文提纲。同时也要求每1位指导教师在学生形成毕业论文提纲前1定要与每位被指导的学生进行讨论,毕业论文提纲应尽量做到全面缜密,理顺所要论述内容,避免以后反复修改。

(3)第1稿:要求学生必须严格按照指导教师审定后的毕业论文提纲进行写作, 不可自行其是,随意更换主题。第1稿完成以后,指导教师主要检查学生是否按照既定的提纲和思想在写作,及时发现问题及时纠正。如学生采取不认真的态度,指导教师应对其提出严肃的批评教育,拒不接受者,指导教师有权提出相应的处理意见,或交学院毕业论文工作小组处理。如果指导教师不认真指导,随意放学生过关,以后阶段出现的问题由该教师本人负责。(5)第3稿:要求学生在文风、文章格式、修辞等方面有所提高。指导教师要对第3稿进行全面的审阅,并提出修改意见,以保证定稿打印时所有的错误和疏漏都得到更正,错误率控制在规定范围内。同时,教师还要提醒学生在打印前再校对,以保证尽可能地将正确的版本打印出来。

(6)毕业论文答辩:毕业论文的答辩是毕业论文工作的最后阶段,要求学生予以充分的准备和重视。论文答辩前,学生们必须充分熟悉论文,答辩时,要求学生能脱稿进行5~10分钟的毕业论文内容的陈述,并流利、准确地回答答辩委员提出的问题。在答辩过程中,参加答辩的教师要对答辩人的语言技能(语音、语法、词汇、语用)、口笔头能力、论文内容和答辩的表现进行认真纪录,客观公正地评分。

2、 毕业论文的内容:

毕业论文的内容可以涉及语言知识、与语言有关的问题(如,语言教学、文化等)和相关专业的知识和内容(如经济、贸易、管理、市场营销等)。其他内容,须经论文审题小组集体审定。学生有选择的论文内容的自由,指导教师可以提出建议,但不能代替学生做出决定。论文内容要能反映社会和时代特征,具有理论价值或实践意义,有新颖性。论文可以对某个理论问题的探讨,也可以是实践问题的解决。论文不仅要反映学生的综合能力,而且要反映他们对相关问题的较为正确的论述,要有1定的独立见解。论文必须做到主题明确、论据清晰、内容具体而充实,切忌空谈。写翻译的论文,除实例分析外,还要提供原文的译文,以便弄清译论的依据。如果论文是实践性的,它必须提出1定的解决途径、方案。

3、 毕业论文的评审:

指导教师在对论文评定成绩时,要参照学生的学习成绩、平时表现出的语言水平和专业8级考试的成绩,以正确衡量学生真实的语言和认识水平。指导教师对学生的毕业论文成绩提出异议,如不被采纳,可提交学院毕业论文工作小组商议和仲裁。指导教师如发现学生的毕业论文有抄袭现象,应及时向学生指出,学生若不接受批评,指导教师应提交到学院毕业论文工作小组处理,严重者取消论文资格。指导教师应杜绝送分的做法,也不可因个人原因影响对学生论文评价的客观性和公正性。4、 论文的格式:

论文的规格:正文长度 5,500—8,500 单词。

使用的语言:英语

论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号,间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚:(作者名,年份,引文所在页码)

论文正文部分:

1、 题目大写,3号字,新时代罗马字,大写下面可写1个附标题,4号字;

2、 作者名,5号字,班级,学号

3、 指导教师名,5号字,职称

4、 摘要:用300词,5号字, 英文1页,中文1页

5、 关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空4格(或1个Tab键),不加标点符号I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.III. 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3/ 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, / 3.1.1. …

结论

7、 参考文献(Bibliography):先英文,后中文

作者名,出版年月,文章名/书刊名,出版社,地点

9、致谢(Acknowledgement)

5、 毕业论文质量标准

(1)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当;

(2)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力;

(3)观点正确、逻辑性强、无违反国家大政方针的观点;

(4)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富;(6)用词、造句、谋篇、布局等方面无明显失误,修辞错误率控制在2%。