口语交际能力论文大全11篇
时间：2023-03-22 17:36:33
口语交际能力论文篇（1）
接着，我演示多媒体软件，使树上的小鸟、松鼠和树下的小兔都惊慌地动起来，使熊爸爸肩上的锯闪烁，把小熊的动作夸张地表现出来，以引起学生的注意，促进学生的思考。通过计算机的演示，很多学生看出小熊在阻止爸爸的行为。我笑着对学生说：“同学们，你们能说出小熊可爱在什么地方了吗？”学生纷纷发言，课堂气氛热烈，“小熊可爱的地方在，它不让熊爸爸砍树，让它的小伙伴们有地方住。”“小熊可爱的地方在，它是一个爱护大森林的好孩子。”接着，我引导学生再次观察画面，让学生想想：假如熊爸爸把树砍了，树上的小松鼠、小鸟和树下的小白兔会怎样？小熊又会怎样？学生们一听到问题后，他们分组讨论，在讨论过程中，他们明白了：大树是小鸟、松鼠、小兔的家，小熊担心小鸟、松鼠、小兔没地方住，所以小熊不让爸爸去砍树。我把学生讨论的内容归纳起来：小熊爱护小动物，爱护大森林，小熊真可爱。然后，我演示多媒体软件，小动物的嘴动起来，仿佛在对话。演示完后，我说：“你们知道它们在说什么吗？你们能把它们说的话想象出来，然后告诉同学吗？”问题的提出引起了同学们的极大兴趣，激发了学生说话的欲望。我又根据我们班的特点，把他们分成几个小组来进行说话，让学生选择自己喜欢的一个角色来说，他们有的扮演熊爸爸，扛着大锯，领着小熊出来；有的扮演小熊拼命地拉着熊爸爸的手；有的扮演小鸟在焦急地说话；有的扮演小松鼠在哭……看到同学们的兴趣盎然，趁着学生情绪高涨的时机，我趁热打铁地说：“同学们，既然你们能想象它们说话内容，你能编一个《小熊真可爱》的故事吗？”老师的这一问，好似投入学生想象长河中的石块，激起了阵阵涟漪，学生们积极讨论，充分发挥他们的想想空间和口语交际的能力。于是，我给几分钟的时间请学生自己编故事，然后再小组里讲故事，有小组选出较好的同学上台讲故事。并设立“小精灵奖”，让学生做评委，看谁编得好，说得好。看到同学们个个畅所欲言，描绘了一个又一个鲜活的画面，一个又一个富有创意的构思从孩子心底流露，真令人欢喜。我的教学目标达到了。
课后，我让学生回家把自己编的故事讲给爸爸、妈妈听。然后，把故事的内容打在电脑上，再打印出来，拿到班里进行故事评比，看谁编的故事最动人。
【案例评析】
口语交际能力论文篇（2）
叙述方法，训练学生口语表达。识字教学要与发展思维、发展语言相结合。在识字教学过程中，教师要指导学生用已有的知识自学，并有意识地引导学生用语言叙述自己自学的方法和结果，训练学生的表达能力。如，学习“告”字：先让学生自学，用自己喜欢的方式识记；再让学生交流识字方法，有的学生说“我是用熟字加一部分的方法学习的，告字上面是牛字一竖不露尾，下面加个口”，有的学生说“我是先把上面一部分拆开成一撇和一个土字，下面加个口”，还有的学生说“我觉得我的办法比他们的还好，我是用编字谜的方法来学习的，谜语是：一口咬掉牛尾巴”。学生在说方法的过程中，相互启发、补充，语言能力在无形之中得到了提高。
2. 关注生活，利用一切机会练习口语交际 语文学习的外延和生活的外延大致相当。生活是口语交际的内容，口语交际是生活中必不可少的一种交际工具，丰富多彩的生活给口语交际提供了源头活水。教师要善于捕捉现实生活中的精彩画面，创设口语交际的情境，利用一切机会，对学生进行口语交际训练。
对话是人们在日常生活中最基本的说话方式，是人们运用口头语言进行交际的主要形式之一，说话具有即时性。学生在校最多的空余时间就是课间，所以，教师可以引导学生在课间交流中，要求学生对每一个话题的表述都尽量做到说流利、有条理、说准确，并注意选择恰当的对话方式，形成良好的训练氛围和说话习惯，进行对话训练。久而久之，学生就会在对话中不断纠正错误，提高说话质量。优秀的电影、电视节目，学生都非常喜欢观看，教师可从学生爱看的电影、电视节目中找到切入口，通过多种形式，进行说话训练。如《西游记》是人人喜欢看的电视剧，在学生观看后，我组织他们说说剧中的精彩情节，训练学生说话的条理性、准确性；对剧中空白的情节进行想象说话；有时让学生转述节目的主要内容；我还组织了一次“《西游记》人物评论会”，学生的说话具有较强的针对性、层次性，收到良好的训练效果。此外，孩子们感兴趣的动画片、电影，都是学生进行口语训练的好题材。这样的说话训练，学生能在愉快的气氛中，既回顾了电影、电视节目的内容，丰富了知识储备，又使学生的口头表达能力得到了训练，一举多得，是可以经常性、长期进行训练的好方式。
口语交际能力论文篇（3）
关键字：口语教学跨文化交际能力
一、语言教学与文化的关系
美国语言学家Lado(1957)在他的《跨文化的语言学》(LinguisticsAcrossCulture)一书中明确指出:“一种语言既是一种文化的一部分，又是该文化其他组成部分的主要表现手段，影响到双方的文化传统”。语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的内涵。一个社会的语言能反映与其相对的文化，语言是文化的一部分，是一种民族文化的表现与承载形式;文化是语言的底蕴。人类通过语言沟通彼此的思想和感情，同时，语言也存储了前人的劳动和生活经验，记录着民族的历史，反映着民族的经济生活，透视着民族的文化心态，蕴涵着民族的思维方式，是文化的载体和结晶。Krashen(1981)指出:“我们可以用我们已经用以定义文化的完全相同的措辞来定义语言。它包括一个人想要理解的一切，以便能够以一种他们可以接受的与他们自己的方式相对应的方式，与其他语言使用者进行像他们彼此间那样进行的充分地交流。从这个意义上来说，一个社会的语言是其文化的一个方而。”人类在创造文化的过程中必须交流思想、协调行动，而语言则是人类最主要的交际工具。
与此同时，语言作为思想的直接现实，又是信息和知识的载体。一个民族各层次的文化必然会在这个民族所操的语言上留有印记，由此体现了语言的.文化载储功能。而文化作为语言表现的基本内容则制约着语言的形式，不断地将自己的精髓注入到语言之中，丰富和更新着语言的文化内涵。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分，二者密不可分，世界上几不存在脱离语言的文化，也不存在脱离特定文化背景和内涵的语言。因此，不了解文化就无法真正学好该种语一言。采取只知其语言不恢其文化的教法，是培养语言流利的大傻瓜的最好办法。
从形式上看，英语教学直接从事的活动是异语交往和交换，从内容上看，实际上是在不同的文化体系和文化形态之间往返穿梭。其目的在于达到文化内容和文化信息的传递与现解。语言不是无意义的符合体系而是有特意文化转移和文化意义的文化载体。英语教学正是以语言教学为手段去探索目标语言上所记载和表达的一定的社会文化内涵。
二、口语教学的现状与存在的问题
随着我国改革开放的不断深入，中国的政治、经济地位不断提高，尤其在中国加入WTO之后，我国与其他国家的对外交往日渐频繁，培养一大批具有较强英语综合应用能力，视野开阔、知识面广，既了解本国文化又能吸收和借鉴国外文化精华的跨文化交际型人才成为当前英语教学的迫切任务。
然而，纵观目前英语口语教学现状，情况不容乐观。长期以来，文化因索在外语教学中一直未能得到应有的重视。由于人们对语言的片面理解，在外语教学中，只把语言当成一套孤立的符号系统来传授，词汇和语法几乎成了外语教学的全部内容。许多英语教师在课堂上仍习惯采用“语法——翻译法”的传统教学模式，把大量的课堂时间花在单词释义及语法分析上，而学生也误以为只要记住了单词，掌握了语法就能学好英语。其结果是许多学生学了十多年的英语，在工作、生活中连简单的日常英语都不能应付，既不能听，也不能说，造成所谓的“聋哑英语”。而在“直接法”、“听说法”等教学模式中培一养出来的学生，运用语言的准确性和流利程度虽有所提高，但在真实的语言交际中却常常犯语用错误，造成交际障碍甚至误会而不知所措。造成上述现象的原因，归根到底，是由于我们在教学中忽略了语言与文化的关系，认为外语教学的目的就是培养学生“造一些意义正确，合乎语法规则的句子”的技能，不注重对学生文化意识的培养。学生缺乏所学语言的相关文化背景知识，对相关的风土人情、社会价值观、生活方式知之甚少，就不可能真正掌握这门语言,并用它来进行交际。
在我国，由于条件的限制，英语学习者很少有机会直接从英语环境中习得这门语言。学生的注意力只能局限于为数不多的课本上，注重传授语言知识的教学方法部分促成了以获取词汇、语法知识为目的的学习方法。这种方法的必然结果是，学生学得非常辛苦，不时抱着单词表甚至辞典死记硬背。尤其严重的是，他们掌握了人量的词汇，谈起语法也能头头是道，考试时也能“得心应手”，发挥“出色”，但一旦需要用英语进行交际(如对话时)，问题就来了，或者用词不准确(原因是他们惯常通过汉语意义来记忆英语单词，但两者却不完个对应)，或者使用语言不得体(如称呼语的误用，词语使用不当等)。学生在大学里要通过英语水平的分级考试，他们一旦毕业参加工作时，用人单位也以他们的英语能力级别证书作为录用的依据，但是，现在越来越多的用人单位开始注重毕业生运用英语的实际能力，而非一纸证书，这一点应当起我们的注意。
三、口语教学中增强跨文化交际能力的途径
3.1加强文化背景知识的介绍
要想在跨文化交际中获得成功，交际双方必须对对方的政治、经济、文化等背景知识有一定的了解。因此教师上课时应结合教材内容及所教学生的特点，适时、适量地向学生介绍这方面的知识，这些背景知识主要指与语言使用有关的风俗习惯、风土人情、价值观、信仰、信念等等，此外也可通过课外发些讲述英语国家文化习俗，尤其是有关与中国有着显著不同的习俗的兴趣材料以加强学生对背景知识的了解。例如，在顾日国主编的《跨文化交际》一书中，他曾介绍了这么一个看似让人好笑的故事，一个台湾青年和北欧某国的姑娘结了婚，并且随姑娘一起到了北欧工作。婚后不久小伙子的母亲从台湾赶往北欧去看望他们，谁知见面后的第二天，这位母亲就执意要回台湾，因为姑娘在婆母入住的第一天就问她打算要住多久。很显然这是一起典型的跨文化交际的案例。按照我们中国人的传统习惯，媳妇理应对远道而来的婆母恭敬有加，百般孝顺才是。这样对婆母说话，几乎每一个婆母肯定都会理解为这是要催促她快走，而在欧洲，这样的询问方式是很普遍的，因为主人主要是想了解清楚客人的打算后，好作一些具体的日程安排。所以了解到这种文化的差异，我们不仅能够避免尴尬，甚至还能消除不必要的误会。
此外，充分利用外教的优势。从外语学习的角度来看，和讲这些本民族语的人接触是十分必要的。这些外教可以根据自己的亲身体会能生动、形象地讲述本国的社会情况、人文地理、文化生活以及风土人情等，使学生能够掌握跨文化交际的第一手资料。同时，介绍学生多读一些原版的文学作品，平时要多向学生推介一些原版文学作品提醒他们在阅读时留心和积累有关文化背景、社会风俗、社会关系等方面的材料。例如，有一名学生曾经告诉我这样一件事:那一天她与一位外教谈起她刚刚看到的一则关于百岁老人参加百米竞赛的新闻，她就说了一句:“Heissuchanoldman.Couldherunanymore?”这位外教当时.就提醒她千万不能在称呼老人时用old这个词，而是应该用elderly或seniorcitizen。这名学生当时感触极为深刻，她说她有可能一辈子也不会忘记这件事。
3.2交际能力的培养
传统的英语教学只注重语言能力的培养而忽视交际能力的培养，往往导致学生在交际中的语用失误。为加强学生交际能力的培养，重要的一点就是突破传统的以语法为中心的教学模式，加强口语教学，教师应以学生为主体，引导和组织学生积极地投入交际练习活动，并且尽量为学生创造良好的语言交际环境和轻松愉快的学习氛围，通过参加交际活动从而提高交际能力。开展灵活多样的课堂话动，尤其是小组活动，能减轻学生在参加语言交际活动中可能产生的焦虑心理，激发其学习积极性和创造性，并使学生有更多的时间和机会来练习使用口语。因此，设计合理的课堂活动，要求学生运用目的语完成某一任务，”可以催化学生有意义的语言运用，创造一个有利于学生语言输入和产出的良好环境。
另外，与课堂的时间相比，课外的时间显然要多得多，所以，教师应该鼓励学生参加英语口语大赛，做英语游戏，进行英语讲演，开辟英语角，举办英语沙龙等丰富多彩的活动，使学生在良好的学习氛围中消化理解、吸收课堂上所学内容，增加学英语的兴趣，在潜移默化中提高跨文化交际能力。，教师还可以鼓励学生尽可能去参加一些跨文化交际活动，从而让学生在实践中去亲身感受文化差异，在实践中运用所学的知识去灵活机动地解决跨文化交际中出现的问题，只有这样，才能真正提高学生综合运用英语进行交际的能力。
3.3充分利用多媒体资源
英语口语教学绝对离开不了多媒体资源，利用VCD、英语录像和电影进行教学，然后组织讨论。在看VCD、录像和电影时，学生们应特别注意日常活动的情景，如商店售货员和顾客对话等等，看完之后可采用角色扮演的课堂活动来学习。生动有趣的角色扮演是进行英语听说的最佳途径，也是进行英语交际的最佳活动。它不仅激发学生学习英语的兴趣，而且使学生感受到学好英语的乐趣，更有助于知识向能力的转化，提高学生英语交际的能力。
笔者在教学中发现在放英文电影时，千万不能一次把一整部都放完，否则的话，学生只是在看情节，而没有抓住该学的。只给他们放映一个个片断，通过某个片断的放映，来学习词汇、语法及句子表达方式，例如，在放映一部惊险电影的片断时，暂停一下，并让学生去猜测下面的情节，人物的对话，并通过对话中所体现的语法来进行操练。
又如，笔者在口语课堂上经常进行这样的活动，收效甚佳。给学生放映一个小片断，把声音消掉，以无声的形式播放，学生以PairWork的形式，一名学生看片断，另一名背过身去，不看录像，那一名看的同学边看边描述给他的同伴，放二遍之后，请不看的同学来描述，看一哪一组描述得多，描述得好，然后再放第二遍，学生们继续进行描述，继续补充，等到第三遍，背过身去的同学就转过身来看录像，通过自己亲自观看来检验刚才的描述以及同伴的描述。通过这种课堂活动，笔者发现学生的兴趣特别的高，课堂气氛特别热烈，学生们三言两语，七嘴八舌，互相竞争看谁说得好，说得妙。同时放映片断时间不宜过长，一般限制在3分钟左右，这样学生们往往意犹未尽。在三遍都放过之后，让学生们之间
互相检查刚才在描述时所犯的口语失误，看到自己所犯的失误被同学们检查出来，往往会印象更加深刻，减少以后继续犯此类失误的频率。
此外，学生应该多收听收看英文广播及电视，录音材料，一定要以真实材料为内容。运用电影、电视、VCD、DVD以及录像教学片进行教学，学生也可以
直观地了解目标语文化的方方面面。
3.4积极转变教学观念，提高文化素养
这是针对教师自身而言。长期以来，传统的英语教学只是培养纯语言能力，即培养学生具备能造出一些意义正确，合乎语法规则的句子的技能。然而在实际交流过程中往往造成“语用失误”(pragmaticfailure)和“文化休克”(culture
shock)，导致跨文化交际的失败。因此英语教师要从根本上改变英语口语教学只注重语言知识的传授而轻视文化教育的状况，应该明确口语教学不能仅局限于语言系统本身，而应把与所教语言有关的文化背景纳入教学中，使英语口语教学深入到学生的现实生活中去，使学生能够懂得如何得体地运用语言，有效地进行交际。
目前，国内外很多语言教材都采用了不少涉及英美文化背景、风俗习惯的材料，有些对话是研究文化差异的好素材。教师应充分利用这些教材，使学生对本民族与异族之间不同的文化差异和冲突，具有识别的敏锐性、理解的科学性和处理的正确性，从而不断培养和提高学生的跨文化意识。
英语教师若想使学生在学习口语的过程中，了解英语国家文化，帮助他们提高理解和恰当运用英语的能力，不断拓展文化视野，加深对本民族文化的理解，发展跨文化交际的能力，自身就不得不首先尽可能通晓英语语言文化，提高文化素养，增强文化意识。
3.5加强主体文化意识的培养
主体文化是指母语文化，与客体文化一样，也是交际能力的一部分，是提高交际能力的重要因索之一。我们在跨文化交际中经常会发现这样一种现象，那就是很多外国朋友对中国的传统文化兴趣浓厚，并经常问这样的问题，如孔子、道
家、中国的象棋、围棋、中国的春节，中秋节的风俗习惯等，这是广大教育工作
者及当代学生值得重视的问题。若常常不能给问话者以满意的答复，就会给跨文
化交际带来不利的影响，因为在跨文化交际中话题是受双方制约的。所以在跨文
化交际中要加强主体文化意识的培养，即与本国有关的传统文化、现代文化、民族及民族信仰、婚俗文化、饮食文化、社会制度、经济制度、文化古迹、风景胜地等，从而有效地避免交际中出现的尴尬。
此外，在跨文化交际中还要注意摒弃文化上的民族虚无主义和大国沙文主义——既不受西方文化的影响从而鄙视母语文化;同时也不因沉醉于自己五千年的文化而把其他文化说得一无是处。要帮助学生树立正确的“文化观”：文化无优劣之分，要充分尊重不同的文化。应做到既不崇洋，也不排外；坚持各种文化相对性和文化的互渗互补的原则。
参考文献：
[1]安旭红，在外语教学中有效培养学生的跨文化语运用能力，贵州民族学院学报，2003
[2]程晓莉，英语跨文化交际教学的思考，安徽农业人学学报，2003
[3]程娅，大学英语口语教学中所存在的问题，重庆工商大学学报，2003
口语交际能力论文篇（4）
【中图分类号】G633.3 【文献标识码】A
中等职业教育是我国高中阶段教育的重要组成部分。中等职业学校的语文课程，既有基础语文教育的共性，又有职业教育的特性。语文教学必须贯彻“以服务为宗旨，以就业为导向”的职业教育办学方针。认真研究中职语文教学的特殊性，从学生的特点与社会的需要出发，顺应将来就业需要，重视对学生语言应用能力的培养，尤其是在口语交际能力这个薄弱环节上加强教学，切实加强口语交际教学的研究是当前中职语文教学改革中的一个重要课题，具有非常重要的理论意义和实践意义。
职业教育的特殊属性决定了中职语文教学的特殊性。语文课作为中职教育的一门文化基础课，既不同于侧重“双基”的中学语文教学，也不同于侧重“研究”的大学语文教学，有其鲜明的职教特色。中职语文教学必须贴近社会现实，顺应劳动力市场对中等技术人才的素质要求，注重对学生在就业时以及未来职业工作中所需交际语言能力的培养，为其顺利进入职业生涯打下良好的基础。因此，在教学中，只有充分认识到中职语文教学的特殊性，突出其鲜明的职业教育特色，体现中职语文教学服务学生就业的功用，重视对学生语言应用能力尤其是口语交际能力的培养，让学生学习后，感到在以后的工作中，既适用，又实用，才能激发他们学习语文的兴趣，提高教学效率。
中职语文教学鲜明的职业教育特色，中职语文口语交际教学也与普通高中语文口语交际教学有着显著的区别。2000年，教育部颁布的《中等职业学校语文教学大纲（试行）》规定“口语交际”教学的目标是：“在初中语文的基础上，进一步提高适应实际需要的口语交际能力。显然中等职业学校语文教学大纲口语交际的要求更注重对学生未来职业工作的需求。有些地区还据此制定了相应的课程标准。如：上海市制定的《中等职业学校语文课程标准》，但是，不容忽视的是，目前相当一部分中职学校仍基本沿用中学语文教学体系。新课程改革，在中职学校是雷声大，雨点小。在具体的教学实践当中，认真实施口语交际教学，并把它当作一项系统工程来抓，但目前还相当薄弱。因此，认真研究中职语文教学的特殊性，积极探讨口语交际教学的策略、方法和途径，切实加强对学生口语交际语言能力的培养，是中职语文教学改革十分紧迫的任务。
如何做到提高口语交际教学呢？
一、生活化教学策略
生活化教学就是把教学过程还原为生活过程，把教学情景还原为生活情景，把教学活动还原为学生的生命活动。生活就是口语交际的内容，口语交际就是生活的工具，丰富多彩的现实生活为口语交际教学提供了源头活水。在口语交际的教学过程中，既要把现实生活带入课堂，也要把课堂带入现实生活。一方面，在课堂教学中，教师要善于捕捉现实生活中的精彩画面，创设交际情境，让学生进行口语交际训练。另一方面，教师要带领学生走出课堂，了解各行各业的口语特征，或进行一些有主题的采访和社会调查活动。这样既丰富了学生的生活，又锻炼了学生在实际生活中运用口语进行交际的能力。
二、情境化教学策略
口语交际的情境创设方式很多，在课内，可充分利用教材内容，创设交际情境，也可以利用多媒体、课件或陈设相关的实物、绘制有关情景的图画、制作必要的道具、展播录相节目，播放录音、教师或学生的语言描述和表演等来创设情境，渲染气氛。在日常生活中，则可以创设一定的情境，对学生进行口语交际训练。如在参加完学校举行的运动会后，说一说同学们的表现，以及自己成功或失败时的心情及体会。教师还可以通过组织联欢会、春游和社会调查等活动，让学生在活动中积极主动地去锻炼自己的口语交际能力，学会恰当、得体地与人交流。
三、兴趣化教学策略
口语交际教学要通过各种途径和手段，激发学生的学习兴趣，让学生感到学习不是一种负担，而是一种需要的满足。根据成就动机理论，成功的学习经验会成为下一次学习的动机，推动下一次学习积极进行，从而形成一个良性循环。因此，在教学中，要多赏识学生，增加学生的自信心，多鼓励学生大胆地说，多选择学生喜欢或比较关注的话题，让学生感受到学习口语交际的乐趣，从而自觉地锻炼其口语交际能力。要使口语交际教学有“趣”，教师必须熟悉自己的学生，不仅掌握他们在该年龄段的心理特征，还要熟悉他们的生活，这样，才能知道哪些话题是他们有话可说的，是他们最想说的。
通过分析整理大量关于中职语文教学和口语交际教学方面的研究成果以及对本市有代表性的中等职业技术学校的语文教学尤其是口语交际教学进行研究，我认为：中职语文教学具有鲜明的职教特色，中职语文教学必须从学生的特点与社会的需要出发，顺应将来的就业需要，重视对学生语言应用能力尤其是口语交际能力的培养；认真研究中职语文教学的特殊性，从战略高度充分认识口语交际教学在中职语文教学中的地位和作用，切实加强口语交际教学的研究是当前中职语文教学改革中的一个重要课题，具有非常重要的理论意义和实践意义。
参考文献
[1]赵英才.学位论文创作，机械工业出版社，北京，2004.
[2]许双全.口语交际的内涵及课堂教学特征，四川教育，2002（3）.
口语交际能力论文篇（5）
口语是人类最主要、最直接的交流工具，也是初中教育尤其是初中语文教育要着力培养的学生能力。由于片面地追求分数，大量地使用网络，加之独生子女政策、现代通信手段的发展等，中学生口语表达能力弱化已经成为了教育界及社会普遍关注的问题。本文笔者拟结合自己这几年强化初中语文教学中口语交际能力培养的一些做法和体会，就如何进一步认识口语交际能力培养的特点、意义和存在问题，如何抓住重点实施初中生口语交际能力培养，如何采取措施保障这一工作得到不断加强，作一些梳理，仅供同仁们参考。
一、初中生口语交际的特点、重要性及存在的问题
初中生从小学走来，向青年递进，在其生理趋向成熟的同时，心理上的自我意识也会越来越强，讲话开始更多注意自己的形象，怕讲不好丢面子、挨批评，有意地选用其他“不讲话的方式”表达意见。学生思维能力急速增长后，外在的语言表达能力，尤其是口语表达能力往往跟不上思维表达的需要，要么有东西说不出来，要么说出来的不是要说的东西，碰到不熟的环境、不相识的人，更加紧张，甚至表达得语无伦次。越是感到自己没说好，就越不想说，形成恶性循环，使得如今不少初中生宁愿通过网络、短信等表达，也不想大声地说话，这将直接影响到他们今后的学习与成长。
口语表达是一个人思维活动最直接、最迅速的反映，口语训练本身也是以思维力为核心的智力训练。它能有效地培养学生思维的条理性、严密性、敏捷性、灵活性，有助于培养学生稳定的注意力、敏锐的观察力、持久的记忆力和丰富的想象力。有统计表明，人们在日常生活中的语言应用，听占45% ，说占30%，读占16%，写占9%。也就是说，听与说占了人与人之间交流的75%，如果不善口语表达，一个人的事业和人生都会因此而打相应的折扣。初中生开始有基本的思想，基本的社会交往，说的基本能力也主要形成于这个时候。在初中语文教学中充分激发学生说的积极性和主动性，提高学生“说”的能力，至关重要。
目前，应试教育的问题在初中教学中依然严重，只有笔试没有口试，多数初中生口语交际能力不尽如人意，不少人心中有话不敢说，一说话就显得面红耳赤，结结巴巴。甚至三年初中都从无机会登台亮相当众发言，机会越少越不会说。一些同仁把教材中安排的口语交际练习，作为课外作业布置给学生自己去做，使口语交际教学流于形式。极个别同仁以自己的“出口成章”要求学生伶牙俐齿，对发言表述不流畅或含糊不清加以指责，也大大挫伤了学生“说”的积极性。
二、初中生口语交际能力培养的重点是激发兴趣、训练提高和技巧传授
初中语文教学无论是素质教育，还是应试教育，任务都相当繁重。培养学生的口语交际能力应当融入其中，突出重点，有序推进，既不能流于形式，也不能影响其他教学任务的完成。笔者在这几年的实践过程中主要抓了以下三个方面。
一是努力激发学生的口语交际兴趣。兴趣是成功的一半。初中生心智还没有完全成熟，更需要以兴趣支撑学习。调动初中生的口语交际兴趣，教师应注意从他们思想解放，活泼开朗，有较强的参与意识，渴望展示自我，实现自我价值的特点出发，多开展一些表演活动，让学生在表演的过程中用口语把自己所学所想充分表达出来。教师要特别注意热情引导和宽松环境的重要性，让学生心态开放，大胆自信，无拘无束地开口说话，不要怕他们说错、说少、说乱、说重复，要鼓励他们多说、“瞎说”、不同地说。这几年，只要课堂任务相对不紧，我都会在一节课中安排至少三分钟，轮流让一组学生就自己“想说的故事、想讲的新闻趣事”进行口语表演，平均每个学生每周至少说一两次，主要让学生讲所见所闻，介绍事情经过，发表自己的想法，起到了比较明显的效果。这样，坚持一两个学期就能够让一些原本张口就结的学生完整地说上一两分钟。
二是刻意加强学生的口语交际训练。人人天生会说话，口语交际本不难。之所以变成了问题，是因为我们的人为阻隔，因此我认为，初中生口语交际能力培养的过程就是解放他们说话权的过程，就是训练他们恢复说话本能的过程。训练的方式，包括：1.朗读训练。教师一定要坚持每课的朗读，可以全班读、分组读、个人读，通过读来培养学生的语感，来保证字正腔圆。2.背诵训练。这对学生学习与掌握好普通话具有相当重要的意义，尤其是整体背诵时音最高、读书气氛浓，学生记忆快，有助于提高学生的口语表达能力。3.问答训练。教师要精心设计问题，有意识地选择学生回答问题，让学生经认真思考后能答出来、答得多，要根据问题的难易程度，请学习成绩不同、口头表达能力不同的学生来回答。4.口语比赛。对于口语水平低的学生，教师可以进行朗读比赛，成语及短语接龙比赛；对于口语水平高的学生，教师可以出一些即兴题目，如谈社会热点问题的看法等。
三是积极引导学生的口语技巧积累。口语表达也是一门学问，其中有许多技巧需要在实践不断积累。初中是有意识掌握这门学问的开始，教师要更加重视基本技巧的日积月累。教师要引导口语表达不理想的学生向能说会道的学生学习，总结后者的特点供前者模仿赶超。教师要通过听课文录音、名人演讲等方式，剖析他们的断句、节奏、表情、轻重音处理等技巧，并一一解说给学生，让初中生充分知道口语交际不是简单地说说而已，也大有技巧可学。教师还要特别注意让学生在辩论中提高技巧，鼓励初中生抓住机会反驳别人的观点，引导他们为了辩倒对方而不断提高技巧。
三、初中生口语能力培养要有力而为，有心而为，有的而为
初中生口语交际能力培养是长期工程，要贯穿于初中语文教学的始终。能不能持之以恒地实施下去，取决于教师的口语教学能力和意志。作为初中语文教师，我们要尽可能接受系统的、专业的口语交际培训或口语专项训练，从理论层面上对口语交际有清晰、全面、透彻的认识和理解。在掌握业务的基础上，教师要带头说普通话，要求学生发言必须用普通话，鼓励学生态度大方，口齿清楚，清晰简洁地表达自己的意思，微笑着认真倾听哪怕是最差的口语表达。教师还要将口语交际训练与考试挂钩，通过让学生或介绍自己的学习情况，或总结本期学习，或讲一个小故事等，重视自己的口语交际能力培养，区分优、良、及格、不及格等成绩并通知家长，争取家长支持共同提升初中生的口语表达能力。在有力、有心的基础上，学校还应加强学生和教师口语交际训练结果的评价，适当地奖优励先，调动教师和学生的积极性，使口语交际在初中语文教学中保持并不断赢得其应有的地位。
参考文献：
[1]曹维菊.初中语文教学中学生口语表达能力的培养[J].学周刊：A，2013（1）.
口语交际能力论文篇（6）
中图分类号：G63 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-098X（2014）06（c）-0115-01
口语交际能力是指用有声语言的形式同时辅助适当的非语言手段，以听、说为主要的实现途径来进行情感交流和信息沟通的能力，其中包括了对文化设定的理解把握以及对语言应用知识的利用。[1] 口语交际能力之所以重要，是因为它同时兼具了沟通的不可替代性和信息传递沟通的直接和有效性。语文作为对中国传统语言文化的深入，在教学过程中对学生进行口语交际能力的培养，至关重要。
1 口语交际能力的内涵和必要性
口语交际能力教学是中学语文教学中的重要组成部分，在《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》中对这一项提出新的要求，规定口语交际能力不仅要做到简单的对语言的理解和掌握，还应根据具体情况对不同对象使用不同的语言形式。口语交际能力表现在一个人的综合素质和能力中，是一种可以终身受用的语言能力。
在中学语文教学中，口语交际能力是一项重要的组成部分，培养中学生语文教学中的口语交际能力十分有必要性。首先，语文是一门人文社会学科，其教学内容是语言文化。因此，对语文这门学科的学习就意味着对语言文化的学习，教学的最终目的是将知识应用在生活中，而学生的口语交际能力可以将语言的艺术性、实用性融合在生活中，是对语文这门学科的一种升华。好的口语交际能力既满足了学生日常生活学习的需要，也总体提升了学生的综合能力。由此可见，在中学语文教学中，对于学生口语交际能力的培养占据多么重要的地位。
2 现今语文教育体系中口语交际能力存在的问题
语文教学改革始于20世纪70年代，在改革中于听说方面取得了一定的突破，但是同样也存在很多的不足。地域间、不同等级的学校之间、不同教师的能力等都是产生不足的决定因素。问题主要体现在以下几个方面。
2.1 缺少互动
口语交际能力最注重培养的就是与人沟通的能力。但是就目前的情势来看，在实际的口语交际能力的教学过程中，教师缺乏沟通意识，往往只是将课本的知识机械性的传递给学生。如在进行课文讲解时，教师只是通过对文章内容的分析来教授学生，并没有与学生沟通交流。很多学生在课堂中没有发言的机会，教师也对学生的发言缺少正确的认识，由此导致了师生之间的交流不足，长此以往，使学生失去了表达和发言的欲望，最终导致的结果是学生的口语交际能力低下，丧失学习兴趣，严重者还会产生与人沟通困难的心理障碍。
2.2 教师自身意识不强、水平不足
在整个教育体制中，教师起到导向作用。而在语言教育中，教师自身的能力也决定了学生是否能够很好的领悟语言的魅力，从而更好地吸收知识。而现今的中学语文教学中，大部分教师注重的都是对学生书面能力的培养，注重培养学生的答题技巧等以期学生能在中考中取得更好的成绩，由此就形成了一种“哑巴语言”的现象。同时由于教师自身的能力不足，导致在教学过程中，教学语言不够流畅，缺少逻辑性和条理性，在语言表达过程中过于随意，无法使学生真的受到感染。语言的学习是有一定的枯燥性的，如果教师不能很好的运用轻松幽默的方式来带给学生愉快的学习情绪，那么就会使学生丧失学习语言的兴趣，使学生用语言无法很好的表达自己的感受，影响了学生的口语交际能力。
2.3 实际应用不足
想要真正的把一门语言理解透彻，实际应用是最好的方式。但是着眼于当今的教育现状，很多语文教学都无法做到这一点，学校和教师将大部分的精力都投入到课堂的教学之中，忽略了让学生将语言实际应用到生活中的能力。仅凭死记硬背课本知识，无法培养学生的应对以及交际能力，无法掌握基本的口语交际技巧和交际方法，不能更好的与人沟通交流思想。久而久之，学生的口语交际能力变弱，不能更好的适应社会。
3 口语交际能力提升途径
根据上述对于当今于中学语文教学中对学生口语交际能力培养中的问题分析，可以明确的知道，只有教师正确的引导，在师生之间、生生之间建立起良好的沟通模式，引导学生将课本知识融入生活之中，注重实践，才能更好的提升学生的口语交际能力。具体做法有以下几点。
3.1 注重口语交际教学过程中的互动性
教师应做到“以学生为主体”，将学生放在课堂的主体地位中，在实际的口语交际教学过程中，应根据具体要求，设定相应的对话情境，增强学生之间、师生之间的互动。例如可以根据课本内容安排学生进行课本剧表演，由学生自行安排角色并攥写台词，这样在表演的过程中，可以让学生设身处地的理解文章中主人公的心理变化，可以更深刻、更直观地理解作者的中心思想，也同时提高了学生的口语表达能力和交际能力，进一步增强同学们的口语交际互动性。
3.2 对教师进行培训
教师作为学生的引导者，教师的能力和水平决定了学生对于知识的吸收能力。学校应该定期对教师进行培训和进修，让教师培养自己的语言能力，在教学过程中做到语言具有逻辑性、条理性，同时富有幽默感。这在一方面不仅为学校提供了更优质的师资力量，也从另一方面提升了学生的总体素质。教师合理运用自己的语言能力，在教学过程中建立起一个轻松、愉悦的学习氛围，这样可以更好地引发学生的学习兴趣，使学生能够更全面的吸收课本知识。
3.3 将口语交际能力应用到实际中
学习语言的最终目的就是为了在实际中应用。学校应当注重对学生的口语交际能力的实际应用的培养，比如可以利用课后的时间举办诗歌朗读大赛、演讲比赛、辩论比赛等，这些从一方面可以锻炼学生的思维能力，对于正在成长过程中的中学生思维模式的塑性有着重要意义，另一方面也可以更好的培养学生的口语交际能力，让学生在应用的过程中发现在自身不足，从而在今后的学习中更有侧重点，更好的完善自身能力。
4 结语
口语交际能力是对语言这门学科的最重要的表现形式，是培养学生思维能力得以发展的重要途径，口语交际能力的培养不但可以增强学生的合作交往意识和口头表述能力，也可以更好的提升学生的综合素质。因此在中学语文教学中，应当着重主义对学生口语交际能力的培养。
口语交际能力论文篇（7）
近年来，随着我国改革开放的发展和我国与国际间的经济、科技、文化交流日益频繁，人们越来越重视外国文化问题。同时，我们也逐渐认识到了了解外国文化在对外交往中的重要性。在教育领域中，外语教学也渐渐重视对学生交际能力的培养。然而，对许多老师而言，文化教学还是一个较新的概念，从跨文化角度对英语教学进行研究探讨在目前还是个新领域。我们必须认识到交际能力的培养是外语教学的主要目标，培养学生跨文化交际的技能是中学外语教学要达到的一个目标。文化教学在中学英语教学中的重要性不可忽视，英语学习者不了解英语国家的文化，就无法获得交际能力。因此在中学英语口语教学中应该目标明确地，循序渐进地，方法得当地导入文化教学，使英语学习者在学习语言和知识的同时受到文化的熏陶，在跨文化交际中游刃有余。
关键词： 跨文化交际；文化教学；中学英语口语教学
ABSTRACT
Since last century, because of reforming and opening policy, many people, especially young people go abroad to get a better job or get further education and so on. Besides, many foreigners are curious about our country. Consequently, people come to realize that if we know little about cross-cultural communication, there will be many conflicts. Some experts suggest that today’s English teaching should emphasize intercultural communication. Learners ought to know not only grammar or words, but should learn cultural knowledge. If not, they will meet many difficulties while they communicate with foreigners. Therefore, it is important to introduce this kind of knowledge while teaching. We can’t neglect the importance of culture teaching in middle school foreign language teaching, English teachers should integrate culture into ELF teaching gradually and appropriately. Thus the students may have a better understanding of the target language, and they may communicate freely and effectively in cross-culture communication.
Keywords：Cross-cultural communication; Cultural teaching; middle school ELF oral teaching
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. the concept of intercultural communication 3
2.1 Literature review 3
2.2 Definition of intercultural communication 4
3.A survey based on classroom observations 7
3.1 The analysis of interviews 7
3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire 7
3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1) 9
3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2) 10
3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum 12
4. Ways of improving cross-cultural communication competence in middle school oral teaching 15
4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence 17
4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in chinese middle school 17
4.2.1 Some strategies to learners 17
4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers 19
5. Conclusion 25
Acknowledgements 26
References 27
AppendixⅠ 28
1． Introduction
Language is just like a mirror that reflects its national culture. Sociologists and anthropologists believe that culture comprises all products of human activity, including fields of literature, art, music, architecture, and scientific as well as aspects of customs, life-style, code of conduct, worldly wisdom and social organization, etc. Languages are generally accepted words and rules drawn from speech. Language is the carrier of culture and culture is the content of language20.
Worldwide interest in intercultural communication grows out of two assumptions. First, we live in an age when changes in technology, travel, economy, and political systems, immigration patterns, especially the emergence of Internet, have created a world in which we increasingly interact with people from different cultures. And whether we like it or not, these interactions will continue to grow in both frequently and intensely. Second, people now know that the influence of culture affects communication in a subtle way. Our culture perceptions and experiences help determine how the world looks and how we interact in the world.
However, as we look back to see the situation in China’s high schools. We see that, for several decades, language teachers have not been able to pay attention to the role of culture knowledge in language oral teaching. Nowadays, in the ELF oral teaching, especially in middle school, teachers pay much attention to vocabulary.
As Chinese culture is not the same as that of English-speaking countries, the rules for using Chinese are, in some respects, different from those using English. There is especially good evidence that Chinese students may transfer their mother tongue references of language used to their English performance and fail to communicate effectively[1]24. Misunderstanding caused by cross-cultural communication should break down and much attention should be paid to them in English language t eaching.
So in middle school ELF oral teaching, teachers must not only improve students’ language level, but also pay attention to cultivating students’ abilities of intercultural communication.
2. The concept of intercultural communication
2.1 Literature review
More and more common practice of intercultural communication promotes the emergence of the concept of intercultural communicative competence. It is a challenging issue for language study and language teaching.
In 1965, Chomsky put forward the concept of linguistic competence and linguistic performance. Later, it was challenged by Campbell and Wales (1970) and Hymes (1972). Hymes (1972) argues that the appropriateness of language is the core of communicative competence, and he sees communicative competence as part of cultural competence. Canale and Swain (1980) put forward a more complex framework, and Canale (1983) summarized communicative competence in the way that it includes four component parts --- grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic. Canale’s conclusion in fact suggests that all aspects of language using are determined by culture. The continuous theoretical research of communicative competence has paved the way for the development of language teaching in which cultural factors are considered more and more important.
In 1975, the first textbook on intercultural communication “An Introduction to Intercultural Communication” (Conden & Yousef ) was published, and many other books followed it. The research on intercultural communication has developed quickly, and has exerted incredible influence on language and cultural teaching.
Traditional language teaching divides language techniques into listening, speaking, reading and writing. Deman (1987) applied the theories of intercultural communication to language and cultural teaching, and viewed cultural teaching as the fifth dimension of language teaching. Seelye published a book named “Teaching Culture: Strategies for Foreign Language Education” in 1984. Gumperz (1982) conducted investigations on the “discourse strategy” of the communicators who had a non-English cultural background and who spoke English as the second language. He revealed that those communicators’ assumptions of the world that had been formed in their native cultural context would exert great influence on intercultural communication. This, in turn, has stimulated a trend in language teaching that sees culture as discourse (Widdowson, 1984; Mclarthy, 1991; Kramsch, 1993; Candlin,1994; Hanks,1996). So since 1990, process-centered and task-oriented teaching mode has been widely adopted in the west.
Besides, American applied linguist G. Robinson (1985) put forward an important concept that through language and cultural teaching learners would gain “Cultural Versatility”. That is to say, through learning culture, learners would change internally. This viewpoint is quite significant.
Prof. Michael Bryam’s research is also strikingly notable. He holds that foreign language education includes four parts: language learning, language understanding, cultural understanding, and cultural experience.
2.2 Definition of intercultural communication
“Intercultural Communication” can hence be defined as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ form each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior. In this Concepts of intercultural and Combines the Concepts of intercultural and communication, It also describes the problems and pitfalls of misunderstanding and the skills and competence required for successfully understanding member of other culture.
Thanks to Edward T. Hall who is regarded as the founder of intercultural communication, a new brink knowledge, intercultural communication, has been becoming more and more widespread in the whole world ever since the publication of his great work The Silence Language. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual processing tool with which people from different cultures create shared meaning[2]115. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture. It can best be understood as cultural variance in the perception of social objects and events. The barriers to communication caused by this perceptual variance can best be lowered by a knowledge and understanding of cultural factors that are subject to variance, coupled with an honest and sincere desire to communicate successfully across cultural boundaries.
Intercultural communication refers to communication between persons who have d ifferent cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving.
2.2.1 Cultural and cross-cultural communication
Cultural awareness in language learning is the ability to be aware of cultural relativity following reading, writing, listening and speaking. As Claire kramsch points out…[12]
If…language is seen as social practice, culture becomes the very core of language teaching, cultural awareness must then be viewed as enabling language proficiency…
Language itself is defined by culture. Language competent cannot be achieved without a good understanding of culture that shapes it, especially in foreign language learning. It is not only therefore essential to have cultural awareness, but also have cross-cultural communication awareness, such as the understanding of the relationship between target culture and native culture.
2.2.2 Culture teaching and ELF oral teaching in middle school
The interrelationship between culture teaching and language teaching has been explored in depth by Michael Byram. The basis of Byram’s position is that it views language as a cultural phenomenon, embodying the values and meanings particular to a specific society, referring to the traditions and artifacts of that society and signaling its people’s sense of themselves—their cultural identity: “to teach foreign culture is to introduce learners to new competences and to allow them to reflect upon their own culture and cultural competence[2].” It is assumed by others that language could somehow stand alone and be taught as a value-free symbolic system. But the social nature of language works oppositely when separating it from its original culture, especially when appearing in overseas contexts, where the learners’ contact with the culture is largely confined to the foreign language classroom.
Traditional foreign language teaching does not pay much attention to cultural factor. It focuses mainly on the vocabulary and structure of the language. But plenty of facts prove that language is not only a symbol, a system, which put forward by pure linguistic theory scholar, but also a social practice. Therefore successful foreign language teaching must help the student master the knowledge of culture rules, in addition to use them in particular situation. Every nation has its unique culture pattern and language is the carrier of culture. For instance, Asians emphasize the importance of orderly society whereas Americans emphasize the importance of personal freedom and individual rights. For effective and appropriate communication, learners in middle school must be familiar with the differences in the foreign culture which they are learning and take according language behaviors.
3. A survey based on classroom observations
Survey date: 25/02/2009
Survey instrument: interview and questionnaire.
Subjects: students of Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. 30 students are interviewed, 98 students (30 interviewed students and another 68 students) participate in questionnaire. All the 98 copies of questionnaire are valid.
The objective of this survey is to investigate:
1) Students’ attitudes towards cross-cultural communication in the ELF oral learning
2) Current situation of students’ information input.
3.1 The analysis of interviews
Thirty English learners are interviewed and are invited to answer only one question: what is a competent language learner like in your eyes? The responses tend to fall into three categories:
(1) Twenty five interviewees think that he or she is good at English listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities, especially at speaking and listening;
(2) Ten of them think he or she is familiar with foreign culture and is a successful cross-cultural communicator.
(3) Five of them think a good command of native language is necessary.
In order to describe more directly, the results of interviews are put into a table (Table.1).
Table1. Results of the Interview
Positive attitudes Percentage
Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.33％ (25/30)
Accumulation of culture 33.33％ (10/30)
Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ ( 5/30)
These students’ responses reveal the following information:
Firstly, these students still see the four basic skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing) as their main study objective. Secondly, cross-cultural communication competence has already been realized by language learners, but this group is small compared to the whole. Thirdly, the importance of mother tongue competence has only been seen by a few interviewees.
According to this interview, most interviewees have realized the importance of language proficiency in language learning, but the point is why only one third of the interviewees have realized the importance and necessity of cross-cultural communicative competence since which are discussed so warmly in present language teachin g world? Do they hold a negative view on it or do they just have not yet obtained the awareness consciously?
3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire
The English learning questionnaire consists of nine closed-ended questions (see Appendix), For instance, “you have the interest and passion in English and language learning”, and the answers falls into four types:
1. Strongly Agree (SA) 2. Agree (A) 3. Disagree (D) 4. Strongly Disagree (SD)
According to the research content, the analysis of questionnaire is divided into two parts. The first five are put in Table 2 and the rest four questions are put in Table 4.
3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)
This part of analysis involves data analysis on questions 1-5 in the questionnaire and a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.
3.2.1.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)
Table2. Results of Questions 1-5 in Questionnaire
SA A D SD
1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning 60.29％ 31.65％ 2.04％ 6.02％
2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary 17.35％ 69.39％ 13.26％ 0.00％
3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in the ELF oral learning 44.90％ 53.06％ 2.04％ 0.00％
4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural communication competence are of equal importance 50.00％ 48.98％ 1.02％ 0.00％
5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on 39.80％ 60.20％ 0.00％ 0.00％
Questions 1-5 (see appendix) indicate a clear picture of students’ attitudes towards language proficiency learning, native language learning, and accumulation on cross-cultural communication competence, literature, and politics and so on. On the importance of the cultivation of reading, speaking, listening and writing in language learning, 91.94% (60.29% SA+31.65% A) of English majors agree and of which 64.29% strongly agree. On daily English novels reading, a total of 86.74% (17.35% SA+69.39% A) consider it necessary. On the necessity a good command of native language, 97.96% (44.90% SA+53.06% A) of English learners agree. On the relation of native language learning and foreign language learning, 98.98% (50.0% SA+48.98% A) believe that these two are of equal importance. Finally, on a regularly reading of politics, economy, and culture, all (39.80% SA+60.20% A) the students hold a supportive attitude.
3.2.1.2 Comparison between the interviews and the questionnaire
With regards to the similarities of the contents examined, it seems necessary to
have a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.
Table3. Comparison between the Interviews and the Questionnaire
Positive attitudes (SA+A) Interview
(open-ended) Questionnaire
(close-ended)
Foreign Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.88％ 91.94％
Accumulation of intercultural communication competence 33.33％ 98.98％
Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ 97.96％
From the table above, the comparison is very clear that, towards the same research content, interviewees’ responds vary when they are faced with different types of questions. The gap is especially seen on the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency. Compared with open-ended question in the interview, interviewees tend to hold a more supportive view on closed-ended questions in the questionnaire. In other word, most English learners subjectively admit the importance of the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency, but the point is, not all of them have already obtained the awareness. However, two questions have been proposed from the comparison: (1) Why English learners have not obtained the cross-cultural awareness which should be tied up with the ELF oral learning? (2) Is that because they subjectively lack learning motivation or objectively, they lack timely and efficiently teachers’ cultural guidance?
3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2)
This part of questionnaire (table4 in next page) mainly focuses on students’ attitudes towards learning motivation as well as classroom learning. Before the analysis is taken, a brief introduction on motivation can help to have a better understanding on the analysis.
1) Integrative motivation
Motivation has been identified as the learners’ orientation with regards to the goal of learning foreign language69. This form of motivation is known as integrative motivation.
.2) Instrumental Motivation
In contrast to integrative motivation is the form of motivation which is known as in strumental motivation. This is generally characterized by the desire to obtain something practical from the study of foreign language[9]125. With instrumental motivation, the purpose of study is more practical, such as meeting the requirements for college graduation, applying for a job and achieving higher social status.
Table4. Results of Questions 6-9 in Questionnaire
SA A D SD
6) Your have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning 14.29％ 61.22％ 21.43％ 3.06％
7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after the graduation 21.43％ 66.33％ 11.22％ 1.02％
8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning abilities and improve your cross-cultural skills 2.04％ 7.14％ 71.43％ 19.39％
9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. 25.51％ 63.27％ 9.18％ 2.04％
As is shown in the table (results of questions 6 and 7), 75.51% (14.29%SA+61.22%A) of English learners have the interest and passion in language learning, and 87.76% (21.43%SA+66.33%A) of them would like to get an English related job in the future. According to the introduction of motivation, the answers to those two questions (questions 6 and 7) can be taken as the representation of integrative and instrumental motivation respectively. Therefore, a conclusion can be made that, most students subjectively want to make a living by using their language competence.
In order to check the condition of students’ cultural information input, questions 8 and 9 are designed and analyzed. 89.82% (71.43%D+19.39SD) of English learners do not think that the present classroom teaching can cultivate their learning abilities and improve their cross-cultural communication competence, whereas a total of 88.78% (25.51%SA+63.27%A) hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. It can be found that most English majors are not satisfied with the current classroom teaching. They hope to enjoy a more interactive and communicative teaching style. The traditional text-based grammatical and linguistic teaching could not meet the needs of the cultivation of communicative competence to some extent. What’s more important is that students are supposed to have a consciously as well as unconsciously cultural awareness promote by language teachers.
3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum
It is shown from the result of question 8 in the table above (table 4) that present foreign language teaching has not provided a satisfactory fruit on cultural awareness cultivation. A question should be taken into consideration, that is, how can cross-culture awareness be expressed in the foreign language curriculum, with the purpose to cultivate language learners’ cultural awareness and communication insight into the target civilization? For a long time, this has been attempted by introducing the geographical environment and historical or political development of the foreign culture, its institutions and customs, its literary achievements, and even everyday life of its people. Take English learners in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school as an example, their cultural input has largely come from courses such as Extensive Reading, Communication between Cultures, American Literature, and An Outline Introduction to Britain and America, and so on. Following is a basic analysis on the four courses.
Table5. Courses Information
Course Duration Teacherˊs background
Extensive Reading first 4 terms Chinese
Communication between cultures the 7th term New Zealander
American literature the 7th term Chinese
An Outline Introduction to Britain and America the 7th term Canadian
Extensive Reading was taught by a Chinese teacher during the first four terms, and the teaching contents mainly focus on western culture, economy, politic, education and so on. After two years study, it helps students build up a general view on western civilization. Communication between Cultures is taught by a English-speaking teacher from New Zealand, the teaching content seems “boring and meaningless” said the majority of students, the teacher read the chapters from the book to the class instead of giving practical cross-cultural communication analysis. So for most students, they did not learn as much as they expected from this course. American literature was taught by a Chinese teacher, and the teaching contents include background information introduction and literacy reading. An Outline Introduction to Britain and America was taught by a Canadian teacher who has a good experience on both British and American cultures. In this course, students are introduced to a comparison of the British and American culture.
From what have been introduced above, it can be seen that although there are four courses and an 28-month course duration, most of what students have taken is an education of “cultural background knowledge” on Chinese or English rather t han practical cross-cultural communication stimulation such as comparisons or contradictions between the target and native culture. To some extent, it revels why most English students have not got a conscious awareness in cultural or cross-cultural communication competence.
Through comparisons between the interview and the questionnaire, it can be seen that students hold positive attitudes on develop the competence of intercultural communication, but for some reasons, not so many have already obtained conscious cross-cultural awareness. Through further analysis of curriculum on cultural teaching, it reveals that present cultural teaching in ELF oral teaching shows the weakness in practical, sufficient and conscious cultural input to help build up language learner’s cross-cultural awareness. Moreover, the current teaching is also expected to be more communicative and interactive. Thus, following on are the possible ways to promote the competence of intercultural communication,
4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence
Firstly, it is vital for language teachers to help language learners develop their cross-cultural communication competence. If the final purpose of intercultural communication competence cultivation is to help students to acquire cross-cultural communication competence, then what cross-cultural communication competence is? According to Kramsch’s opinion, cross-cultural awareness is not really a skill, but a collection of skills and attitudes known as a competence[12].
Secondly, it is necessary to make clear what cross-cultural awareness skills students are supposed to acquire. It has been suggested that cross-cultural awareness consists of having four different perspectives on communication with a different culture. Cross-cultural competent students should be able to:
----look at their own culture from the point of view of their own culture (for example, having a good understanding and awareness of their own culture)
----Be aware of how their culture is seen from outside, by other countries or cultures
----understand or see the target culture from its own perspective (for example, understanding and being aware of what other people think of their own culture)
----Be aware of how they see the target culture
4.1.1 The request of the development of Internationalization
Lin Dajin in the “cross-cultural communication study, ” pointed out that culture can be defined as “ the integrated feature that a nation is distinct from another nation. ” Cultural differences are the barriers of cross-cultural communication. The modernization process accelerated the circulation of spiritual and material products, and brought all nationalities into a common “global village”, cross-cultural communication became an integral part of national life. If people do not understand the cultural convention in the USA or Britain, and use the way of China to treat foreigners, then it will create a lot of jokes, and even hurt each other's feelings, self-esteem and cause misunderstanding. Thus, to overcome the cultural differences caused by communication barriers has become a common problem faced by the entire world.
4.1.2 It is imperative to understand the cultural background knowledge
Understanding cultural knowledge is the key to language learning. “One can not really learn the language, and teach language well unless one knows the patterns and norms of culture and cultural background[14]224. ” Without a specific cultural background, language is non-existent. If we don’t know the culture of target language, we would find it is difficult to understand the meaning of certain words. For example, “Thanksgiving”, “Sandwich” has been brought about in a specific social and historical circumstance, it is not enough merely to know the meaning of the surface of these words. Another example is: “You are, indeed, a lucky dog”, the literal translation is “you are a lucky dog. ” This is a satiric sentence in China, because, in Chinese views, “dog” is an expression when people used to refer generally to dislike someone. While in English, it can mean, “You are a lucky man. ” In Western society, “dog” is a family member, and they are harmonious coexisting with people “Dog” here refers to people instead of satirizing others, but a very intimate expression.
4.1.3 Cultural knowledge teaching is the objective of language teaching
The main objective of language teaching is to train and develop students’ interpersonal skills. And cultural knowledge teaching can increase the ability of cross-cultural communication, which is the important content to achieve goals of language teaching. For example, in American society, praise and compliments language that flatter mainly a personal appearance, new things, personal property, and individuals in a ce rtain area are commonly used as the introduction to a conversation. This is different from Chinese. Thus, different nations have different cultural environments, different living habits and different languages behavior expressions. And as a language learner, if not ideologically “physically entering their social linguistic environment” will be difficult to achieve the goal of language learning，not to say that language teaching objectives will be accomplished.
4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school
After the survey research and data analysis, now we have a clear idea of the common reasons that triggered the weakness of the cross-cultural communication in middle school ELF oral teaching. However, we do not have a clarity solution about this situations. Therefore, some strategies were listed here to help learners with their language learning.
4.2.1 Some strategies to learners
4.2.1.1Raising culture awareness
Culture awareness is the term we have used to describe sensitivity to the impact of culturally---induced behavior on language use and communication. It including two qualities: one is awareness of one’s own culture, the other is awareness of the culture[7]15.
Unfortunately, in China, cross-cultural communication errors can be found from time to time. In the ELF oral learning, culture factor needs to be taken seriously. To cultivate students’ intercultural communication we need first to arouse their cultural awareness. Because of different cultural background, life experience, profession, sex, education, even age, character, people may have different modes of interaction. People learn to think, feel, behave and strive for what their culture considers proper. These means there might not be the same as what is intended by the speaker. If we are aware of this, we can avoid ethnocentricity, and can have better communication with people all over the world.
Speakers of a foreign language often have the experience of making careless mistakes which may cause get angry, may be embarrassing and may arouse hostility from native speaker. Often such mistakes occur even though the application of the linguistic rules of grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation is correct. These mistakes are culture errors but occur because of not knowing or choosing the appropriate style, and manner to use for effective communication.
4.2.1.2 The development of sensitiveness to culture differences
There are four stages in the development of the sensitiveness to culture differences. The first, one can make out the obvious, superficial culture characteristics. In other word, he will find them interesting and exotic. The second, one can judge the delicate meaningful cultural characteristics that are quite different from his own. Usually he will feel them incredible or hard to accept .The third, one can accept the cultural characteristics after rational analysis. The fourth, one can be in the other peoples’ shoes and appreciate the cultural characteristics. In other words, the first three stage can be understood, and the fourth empathy.
4.2.1.3 The development of empathy
In order to communication effectively, you need a deep degree of empathy, that is to be able to understand the other person’s affective and cognitive states. Empathy differs from sympathy in that it does not include pity or approval. And focuses on the feelings of others, not our own[12]114. Empathy involves relativism and flexibility, which knowledge alone cannot consist. Teachers can create good classroom environment where students tolerate and appreciate different norms by bringing up students’ empathy. In China, we always emphasize collectivism instead of individualism. But in English class, we advocate differences, to encourage students to understand each other.
To facilitate empathy, we can take these measures:
(1) Subjects like history, anthropology, and sociology should be introduced into
the curriculum. Through these subjects, the students can not only acquaint themselves with the examples of foreign culture, but also master some concepts and principles concerning with culture.
(2) The students should be encouraged to read broadly in Chinese middle
school, both fiction non-fiction, literal or philosophical. Including proverbs, broad reading can be a student better understand and communicate with other cultures. Only through broad reading can he know the taboos, values, beliefs and religion of another culture, only through broad reading can be truly come to realize why privacy is so important and that individualism is so cherished.
(3) The students should he sent abroad for further study if possible. Thus they
can live with the natives for some time, no chance is better than the close contact. They can enjoy the new culture. By enhancing ICC, the intercultural communication of the learners can be carried out tactfully, acco rding to different context.
4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers
Language teachers are supposed to exert instructional strategies to help language learners promote their cross-cultural communication competence, that is, provide language learners with some useful ideals for presenting culture from its own perspective, for example, understanding and being aware of what people in target culture think of their own culture.Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words. Just as what we mentioned above, we have been aware of the importance of learning some cultural knowledge about the target language. It seems impossible and unnecessary for us to have a systematic study of target culture, which covers almost everything, in one’s whole lifetime. The difficulty shows that culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional and complex. A good solution to this problem might be to learn selectively those cultural factors that have great influence on intercultural communication, and that are closely related to the language. So on culture teaching we should follow these principles :( 1) interrelated. that is culture teaching must be interrelated with the content of the text. (2) Appropriate, that is culture teaching must be subjected to language teaching. (3) Practical, that is culture teaching must try to be “useful” for students in their communication. (4) Scientific, that is culture knowledge must be taught correctly, completely and objectively. (5) Flexible, that is culture teaching must be flexible according to the change of the world.
We must obey these five principles if we want to cultivate students’ abilities of cross-cultural communication. What we should teach in ELF classes is simply a foreign way of life related to the target language and teachers should avoid bringing their own cultural prejudice into class. The world is changing, so are the traditions and customs. The constant changes require us to improve our skills of intercultural communication by doing two things: understanding the cultural differences, especially the differences in the deep structure of different cultures, and becoming flexible in intercultural communication. There is a great tendency that one culture adopts the elements from another that are compatible with its own values and beliefs or that can be changed without causing major disruption.
4.2.2.1 Make full use of developing the interest of the competence of intercultural communication in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school
Intercultural communication is a big issue, which is not easy for both teachers and students to understand and realize. For successful cultural teaching, we suggest doing the following:
(1) Teach culture differences. Teachers should directly address the similarities and peculiarities between the source culture and the target culture. This can be done through the comparison of the two cultures.
(2) Provide opportunities for students to use the language in situational conversations. While introducing the students play a real-life role and practice their everyday language use according to the varied situation.
(3) Induce students to read literal works, which are vivid and abundant material to understand the character, the psychological state, culture characteristics, convention, and social relationships. Reading newspaper is also the direct path.
(4) Be aware of your students development level, when selecting themes or concepts to present. At first, learning activities should be clear and specific in lower levels, gradually, becoming more complex than the level of the student increases. There are a variety of children’s fiction which presents concepts like similarities, differences and prejudice which can be used at lower levels. At upper levels fiction and biographies can be used to present the more complicated ideas. Try to connect the unfamiliar with the familiar, the known with the unknown.
(5) Use plenty of ways in both general learning tasks and in language learning tasks.
(6) Use varied methods to check the understanding level of the students.
(7) Be enthusiastic. As a teacher you need to be aware of the value of learning a second language in terms of its contribution to developing cultural aware and a range of other cognitive and vocational benefits. Your attitude will influence the attitudes of the child ren in the class and their parents.
Beside, Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words.
For example, we once tried to spend Christmas and Hallowmas with all foreign teachers together in our school .The students were very interested and active in the activities， and such experiences can have impressed them strongly and forever.
Teachers should encourage students to communicate with foreign teachers and some other foreigners in and out of school. Students and foreign teachers can have classes, play games and take part in many kinds of activities together. Communicating with foreigners can provide students with the real cultural context in which English is used actually and stimulate students to learn English well including knowing about foreign culture.
As the success of many activities depends on good organization and on the students knowing exactly what they are to do. A teacher is thus mainly an organizer, whose work is different from administrator of a school system. But the teacher, like any other organizer, works primarily with people, and his task and responsibility are to create situations in which people can do their best and achieve their best.
Since teachers are key roles during culture teaching, they must play a positive role in helping the students to develop intercultural communicative competence and increase the students’ chances to succeeding in both language learning. It is not an expendable skill tacked on to the teaching of speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is always in some background. Lack of intercultural competence will limit the students’ ability to make sense of the world around them, and lead to failure in using English for communication across-culture.
4.2.2.2 Make full use of pictures, films, TV, computers and other audio-visual aids to make the teaching lively and interesting. Explore to the full the opportunities for students with the target culture information.
(1) Plays in and out of class
It is proved that plays in and out of class are probably the most efficient ways of language teaching.
The role of plays and dramas manifests itself when learners perform by themselves. Mini-dramas acted by students expose them to a “process of self-confrontation” with the target cultural communicates. The learners can act out mini-dramas written by them, which show misinterpretation of something that happens in the target cultural context. The cause of the problem is usually clarified in the final scene. Cultural similarities and differences will be analyzed by way of follow-up discussion.
In the listening book of Senior English book3 unit24, the material involves “finding a job”, English teachers can extract one or two advertisements from the magazine for students. Teachers can ask the students to divide into two groups, one group act as recruiters, and the other group act as applicants. By looking at the advertisements, appointing to interview, using some simple props, students can exchange views on working conditions, wages and other issues. Thus, students can understand the practical knowledge of Foreign Service work; the actors also can improve their abilities of practical language.
A short play can be broken down into sections. As learners learn (not memorize) one section, they move on to the next. By combining the sections, they have learned the play. The use of this technique enables different groups of learners to work on several short plays at the same time and leads to the creation of several shirt plays simultaneously.
Drama is a useful tool in cultural learning. A full semester’s work can be built around a drama project, or it can fill five or ten minutes at the beginning or end of a lesson. It encourages the learners to view the linguistic and cultural knowledge as a tool for communication rather than as an academic subject. It can bring life and vitality to the classroom.
(2) Classroom presentation
At the beginning of each lesson, teachers can hold a “cultural corner” sessions, with 5-10 minutes. Teachers or students can introduce one aspect of Western culture, such as famous events of foreign country in history, a prominent figure in the world, or some literary works. To accumulate the cultural knowledge for a long time, students’ cultural knowledge will naturally become broad and rich.
(3) Photo display
Use maps, photographs, and illustrations of the text to introduce relative cultural elements vividly. For instance, when we teach the States of Liberty which appears in the lesson 10 of junior English book3, at first we can display a wall chart of the Statue of Liberty in the United States in front of the classroom, then ask the students to identify it and then observe the Statue of Liberty carefully in the facial expressions, posture language, the hold-high arm and torch. And then teachers can introduce the following cultural background briefly: Batuoerdi, a French sculptor, builds U.S. Statue of Liberty. He takes his mother's face and his wife's body as models to manufacture it. The Goddess of Liberty not only has swallowed vicissitudes face, but also perseverance. The torch in her hand is a symbol of freedom shining all over the world. Then teachers can guide the students to make analysis of the understanding of American national spirit through the Statue of Liberty. Teachers also can allow the students to list their deepest impression in other countries or ethnic representation construction.
(4) Song appreciation
The important function of the songs is to express one’s wishes. Many lyrics and melody of songs are also full of rich cultural content. Students generally are interested in songs. If time is enough in the class, teachers can choose one or two representative English songs for students to appreciate or learn to sing. It is an effective method in the teaching of English cultural knowledge to analyze the content of the lyrics and music rhythm feelings. And then the students can accept the cultural baptism. For example, a song has a lyric like “Love is blue.”(Blue love). Then what representation is “blue” in English? It often expressed "frustration and anxiety". Teachers cited examples to analyze, and then asked students to appreciate this song, try to see if there are any new experiences.
(5) Foreign festivals on the campus
This activity is of great interest to young students. The celebration could take place in a class, a grade or the whole school with the help of the branch of the Youth League. All kinds of activities can be held in festivals, such as performance of foreign songs, dancing and dramas, holding costume parties, watching foreign films, attending lectures given by foreign experts and enjoying foreign food. By celebrating foreign festivals, learners will immerse in the target cultural context. Teachers are to give introduction on the origin and the conventional activities of the festival. A comparison of the similarities and differences between the foreign festivals and Chinese festivals can develop the learners’ cultural awareness.
(6) Using authentic materials
Obviously, the best way to learn foreign cultural background knowledge is to go to that country to stay there for a period of time. But we know that it is almost impossible to have such an opportunity, especially for our students. Therefore, it is practically necessary for the teachers to use authentic materials to teach culture.
Mass media, such as, film, novels and especially newspapers and magazines, is also considered as an insightful means for teaching culture, for they reflect people’s way of life in terms of variety contemporaneity and authenticity. Students in an ELF setting will spontaneously ask questions about puzzling aspects of society and life as reflected in the film or magazine. This material is by no means easy to interpret because there is so much central inference and it requires deep familiarity with and comprehensive exegeses of the culture in question. Therefore “all such material should be selected with an eye to the subculture diversity of the target community”.
5. Conclusion
Today, international cultural exchange is going on directly and indirectly, with its new scope, content, form and method unheard of before. To confine oneself to one’s own culture is to go against the times. Now, in our country, the open policy towards the rest of the world has become a fundamental policy. This policy has brought about much broader prospects for international cultural exchange. Therefore, overcoming cultural barriers has become more and more important. Only by surmounting the barriers can we get a high degree of cultural exchange, make use of good things from other cultures and build up our cultural and material wealth. This exchange will contribute to understanding and friendship among nations as well as development in science and culture.
In the practical teaching, the culture teaching should be presented as many detailed as possible in the teaching syllabus. The teaching materials should not be located only in the source culture and should be a constructive attempt to be explicit about intercultural behavior and communication, especially, in view of the limited language available at this level. Besides, in the classroom ELF oral teaching, teachers are expected to use a variety of teaching methods that are suitable to students’ level. In intercultural communication settings, Chinese learners in culture instruction should keep an open mind: we should try to avoid the prejudiced culture stereotypes over the other cultures and our own. Especially, we should put higher focus on the learning of our own Chinese culture. Another key point is becoming awareness of our own culture bottom lines. We must learn what our own culture line is ― the values where we are can negotiate, but we cannot compromise. We can allow others to be different, and respect their differences as they respect ours.
Though the culture teaching is a very complicated and difficult part to deal with, the educators and teachers involved in language education should make great efforts to carry out this part thoroughly. This determines much whether the effective cross-cultural communication can be preceded smoothly between China and the world.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Meng Dong, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Han Xiaoya, Shen Yin and many others.
And I also appreciate Li Neng, who offer me great help during the time I was in the practice in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. Without her help, I could not finish my survey in this paper.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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AppendixⅠ
*Questionnaire:
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning
2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary
3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in foreign language learning
4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural competence are of equal importance
5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on
6) You have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning
7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after graduation
8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning ability and improve your cross-cultural skills
9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on.
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《论中学英语口语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
口语交际能力论文篇（8）
一
能够使每一位同学都态度大方地回答问题，只是口语能力训练的一个最基本要求。我们要采取许多别的形式，真正使口语教学方法多样化。
（一）复述能力的训练。
对一些故事性较强的课文内容进行复述，这一点受到不少老师的重视。例如，要求学生在熟读《桃花源记》的基础上，根据适当的提示，用自己的话复述全文内容。这既可以帮助学生理解课文的大意，同时又可以提高其概括能力，效果是很好的。还必须进一步引导他们用简洁的语言提炼文章的主旨。除了复述课文之外，还可以利用课前5分钟，由学生轮流上台复述前一天给自己印象最深的时事新闻。这一方面可培养学生看和听的能力，另一方面可训练口语表达能力。现在，很多学生不关心国内外大事，只关心一些娱乐八卦新闻，这对学习语文是很不利的。通过语文课引导学生复述时事新闻，有助于改变以上状况，一举多得。
（二）口头小作文。
复述课文内容或时事新闻是有规律可循的，有时候需要讲清一件事，不一定有模子可套。所以，平时还多口头小作文。对口头小作文的要求不一定真正与写书面作文的要求一样，但基本程序可以参照。一是确定题目，可以跟踪学生比较关注的热点问题，也可以是别的问题；二是结构、顺序等，跟书面作文一致。口头作文一开始比较难，可能不像书面作文，但只要坚持下去，久而久之，自然就会有明显的进步。有时候，可以组织学生配合读书，读完后用自己的话评价这本书，要求有理有据；有时候，还可以让学生事先准备，举行故事会。形式尽可能多样，目标就是提高口语表达能力。
（三）举行小型辩论会。
这一方式的主要作用是同步训练学生的思维和口语能力。前面提到有些学生当众说话时语无伦次，与思维比较混乱有关。学习辩论有助于解决这一问题。因为辩论时要求思想活跃、思维敏捷而缜密，既要善于抓住对方语言中的漏洞，又要防止自己的话出现问题，这就需要用合适的语言去表达自己的思想。在实际操作时，可以将辩论会搞得正规一些，像社会上通行的那样，也可以随便一点，搞成自由辩论，这更有利于调动全班同学共同参与。有一次，我曾经在初三的学生中组织过关于“学生玩电脑游戏”的自由辩论会，结果是连平时最不爱说话的同学也忍不住发表了自己的意见，很好地达到了预期的目的。
（四）演讲比赛
在日常生活中，少不了碰上需要向人介绍自己的主张、意见，或是需要说服、打动人家的场合。例如，班干部竞选，需要发表演讲。比较简单的演讲，初中生是能够做好的。我们只需要让学生明确自己演讲的目的，想办法“打动”人，并适当介绍一些简单的演讲技巧。重要的是要充分调动学生的积极性。语文教师兼班主任的，可以将这类语文课与班级工作适当有机结合，这样，两方面工作都会更主动。
以上介绍的几种方法，对提高学生的口语水平都非常有益。我们可以根据不同的教学阶段，制定相应的教学计划，明确训练重点，循序渐进，由易到难，甚至形成系列。
二
除了以上教学方法之外，在实际训练过程中，还有以下几个问题需要针对性地加以解决。
（一）说话要有中心，有条理。
首先，在事前应明确自己要讲清什么问题，中心是什么，说话要围绕这个问题展开，不要无的放矢，不着边际。说完了，要让人明白你究竟说什么，如果毫无头绪，摸不着头脑，那就等于没说，达不到自己的目的。其次要有条理，先说什么，后说什么，应有一个合理的顺序，若是东拉西扯、颠三倒四，也会使人听了不得要领，很难达到交际目的。
（二）说话要清楚、简洁。
有的同学讲了一大通，但就像一团乱麻，该讲清楚的不清楚。这就要求讲话者事先多思考，弄清楚讲的目的、对象、重点、方法、顺序和详略，只有先想清楚才能讲得清楚。另外，还要讲究简洁，不罗嗦。重复的话不要讲，该去掉的要舍得去掉，去掉那些与中心关系不大的话，去掉那些口头禅或不必要的叹词。
（三）说话要连贯、严密。
连贯是指句与句之间能够连接得上，严密是指说话有逻辑性。这都要求讲话者的思维应当连贯、严密。要力戒说话不经思考，漏洞百出，经不起推敲。平时就要多注意这一点。
口语交际能力论文篇（9）
一是采用全英教学模式。教师要少用甚至是不用汉语进行教学，要知道学习英语的最大干扰来自于母语，对母语非英语的学生来说，他们已经习惯了母语的思维方式，很容易会将这些母语思维方式带到英语的学习中来。为此，在教学中我们要尽量用英语教学，为学生营造全基的学习环境，这样才能最大限度地避开母语的干扰，学会用英语来进行思维。二是利用现代技术播放地道的英语音频与视频。我们可以利用现代信息技术的声像效果来为学生播放一些通俗易懂的英文歌曲、经典的影视剧片断以及一些英语类节目等，让学生能够接触到更多原汁原味的英语。通过大量的听来增强学生的语感，丰富学生的语言素材。
（二）展开大量的读
“书读百遍，其义自现”“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作也会吟。”指出了读的重要作用，这同样适用于英语教学中学生口语水平的提高。读是语言输出与输入一体化，既可以在读中丰富语言素材，为学生的说打下坚实的基础。同时也是一种主要的说话训练方式，可以在读中增强语感，帮助学生纠正不正确的发音，让学生在读中来增强流畅性与完整性，感受不同的语气与语调。这既是提高学生口语水平的前提条件，同时也是提高的主要途径。为此，在教学中我们要带领学生开展丰富的读，如全班读、分角色读、同桌对话朗读等，让学生进行大量的阅读教材，对于精彩的段落与篇章，要让学生达到熟读成诵的效果。这样长期坚持，可以让学生积累更多的词汇、语法、句型等，让学生拥有更为丰富的语言素材，同时在读中来提高对语言的感知与驾驭能力，这无疑是提高学生英语水平的核心因素。
二、丰富训练，让学生进行更多的说
正所谓“纸上得来终觉浅，方知此事要躬行。”多听多读，增大学生的语言输入量，丰富学生的语言素材，并不直接代表着学生口语水平的提高。学生口语水平最终需要在大量的口语训练活动中得到不断的强化与提高。为此在教学中我们除了为学生构建全英学习环境，用英语教学，并鼓励学生用英语外，还要为学生设计丰富的口语训练活动，让学生有更多说的机会，在大量的训练中来内化知识、提高水平。
（一）表演情景剧
初中生有着强烈的表演欲望，我们可以利用学生的这一特点，选取教材中适合学生表演的话题以及学生所熟悉的话题，来引导学生创编情景剧，并进行表演。这样的活动即创作、表演与说话训练于一体，不仅可以激发学生强烈的参与动机，而且可以让学生将语言的学习与运用与具体的场景、人物等结合起来，这样更加利于提高学生对语言的驾驭能力，利于学生英语水平的整体提高。如问路、打电话、购物、就诊、聚会、访友、旅游等等，都是学生所熟悉的话题，同时也是语言学习的重要内容。我们可以引导学生围绕着这些话题来进行情景剧表演，让学生在表演中运用，在运用中内化，这正是提高学生口语水平的重要活动形式。
（二）课前自由谈话
我们要利用好课前导入环节的时间，可以选取学生所感兴趣的话题来引导学生展开自由谈话。这样的交流形式更灵活，氛围更活跃，更能激起全体学生参与的激情。此时再加以教师必要的引导，自然就可以让学生在轻松愉悦的谈话中来进入新知的学习。谈话导入既避免了直接教学的枯燥无味，可以增强教学的趣味性，激发学生学习兴趣，而且也为学生提供了一个可以自由交流的空间，学生可以展开积极而自由的对话，这同样是一种极为重要的口语训练方式。
（三）组建课外小组
引导学生自由结组，以充分利用丰富的课余时间来开展丰富的口语课外活动。如建立英语广播站，开展辩论赛、组织口语大赛等。其活动更为丰富，可以让学生有更多的听说训练机会，而且这些活动深受学生的喜爱，学生的参与积极性非常高。在课余时间总是能看到学生参与的身影，这样既实现了教学面对全体，全面参与，同时也可以让学生享受口语交流的乐趣，从而让学生更加乐于参与、乐于交流。
口语交际能力论文篇（10）
口语交际能力是人类交际的基础能力。在职业学校中，口语交际能力不仅是衡量学生综合素养的重要指标，还在学生日后就业与发展中发挥着重要作用，与学生工作、生活密切相关。因此，在职业学校语文教学中，对学生口语交际能力进行培养至关重要。
一、职业学校学生口语交际能力培养现状
从当前的职业学校语文教学情况来看，学生对语文教学中口语交际能力培养环节普遍缺乏兴趣。在学习目的上，许多学生不清楚语文教学中口语交际能力培养的重要性，认为口语交际能力培养没有意义；在学习基础上，许多学生语文基础知识较为薄弱，口语交际能力较差，日常交际中语病较多；在学习习惯上，许多学生未养成良好的口语交际习惯，口语交际学习比较浮躁。而且，一些教师忽略了听、说等技能的培养，导致职业学校许多学生毕业后口语交际表达达不到标准，影响了学生的求职和生活。
二、语文教学中培养学生口语交际能力的对策
1.对良好口语交际情境进行创设，提高学生的口语交际欲望
在职业学校语文教学中，教师应对良好口语交际情境进行创设，提高学生的口语学习兴趣与口语交际欲望。教师可通过组织会议、表演小品与相声等活动形式，也可通过对《新闻调查》《焦点访谈》等栏目进行情景模拟，鼓励学生在各种情境中感受口语交际的魅力，积极参与口语训练。如在学习《我的母亲》时，教师可让学生回想生活中的点点滴滴，将自己对母亲的爱或感谢写到卡片上；同时鼓励学生分享自己与母亲的故事，达到口语训练的目的，促进学生口语交际能力的提升。在求职信写作的教学中，讲解完理论知识后，教师可创设招聘会情境，现场模拟招聘，锻炼学生的口语交际能力，兼顾教学知识应用与口语交际能力的培养。
2.鼓励学生朗读课文，强化对学生口语交际能力的训练
在培养学生口语交际能力的各种途径中，朗读是其中最有效的途径，通过朗读可有效锻炼学生的口语交际能力。教师应鼓励学生朗读课文，强化对其口语交际能力的训练。如在诗歌教学中，教师可指导学生朗诵课文，并对字音、字形进行纠正。朗读诗歌不仅有利于学生对诗歌形成深刻的感受，还可以为学生的口语训练提供丰富的素材，有效提升和完善学生在口语交际中语音、语调的规范性，帮助学生在口语交际中树立自信心。
3.通过交谈法进行教学，提高学生口语交际能力的培养效率
学生口语交际能力的形成与交谈密切相关，口语交际不仅来自于交谈，同时需要应用于交谈。教师在培养学生口语交际能力的过程中，要通过交谈进行教学，提高学生口语交际能力的培养效率。在职业学校的语文教学中，教师可有针对性地提出相关问题，为学生创设交谈情境。在教学中，教师可以通过分组讨论与课堂q论赛等形式引导学生展开交谈。如学习《鸿门宴》时，教师可以“我眼中的刘邦”为主题，组织学生分组讨论，与其他学生分享对刘邦的评价。这种交谈式教学方法，不仅有利于拓展学生的思维，还可以锻炼学生的口语表达能力。
4.提高教师的综合素质，展现教师的个人魅力
在口语交际能力的培养过程中，教师的口语交际能力与综合素质对口语交际能力教学有直接影响。在职业学校语文教学中，教师必须正确认识对学生进行口语交际能力培养的重要性，不断提升自身在口语理论知识与实际交际方面的能力，主动学习交际学和语言学知识，完善口语交际教学知识结构。在口语交际能力教学中，语文教师应充分展现个人魅力，通过引导与示范作用激发学生学习口语交际的兴趣。教师在口语交际教学中的动作和表情都可能给学生带来潜移默化的影响。因此，在口语交际能力教学中，教师在语言上必须规范、简练、生动并具有启发性。
在职业学校语文教学中，教师必须提高对学生口语交际能力培养的重视程度，积极探索各种教学途径，对学生的口语交际能力进行培养，有效提升学生的口语交际能力。
参考文献：
口语交际能力论文篇（11）
口语交际是人在日常生活中最基本的技能之一，每个人从幼儿启蒙时期就应该开始口语交际能力的相关训练。而由于现在的小学多数都重视知识教育，忽略了综合素质的教育，所以现在的小学生普遍存在口语交际能力差的特征。因此，在小学启蒙时期，学校和教师应该肩负起培养其口语交际能力的责任，使每一个小学生都具有良好的口语交际能力。
一、模拟交际情景
口语交际技巧是一种较抽象的知识概念，不能直接转化为具象的知识点供学生学习，且小学生的理解能力较差，如果直接向学生教授口语交际技巧，难免会使学生感到疑惑。而如果利用情景模拟的授课方式来训练学生的口语能力，能够激发学生的兴趣，使口语交际课程的效率大幅度提高。在模拟交际的过程中，教师可以先提出问题，然后引导学生解答，同时注意让每个学生都有回答的机会。
教师可以先让学生熟读课文，熟读课文是为了训练学生的阅读能力和口语能力，在学生口语能力过关的基础上才能开始训练学生的口语交际能力。在熟读课文的情况下，让学生以分组的形式进行情景模拟和角色扮演，表演课文中的故事，这种小游戏的方式既能激发学生的积极性，还能在学生做游戏的过程中潜移默化地培养学生的口语交际能力。因此，教师应该使用新的课堂方式来活跃课堂气氛，从而达到训练学生口语交际能力的目的。
二、开设比赛
小学生的口语交际技巧应该在日常生活中逐渐培养，因此在学生课堂学习的过程中也应该融入更多口语训练。在阅读训练的课堂上，可以开设辩论赛来引导学生练习口语交际的技巧，让学生在辩论过程中逐渐提升口语交际的能力。
还是以《你必须把这条鱼放掉》这一课为例，教师可以以此文章为论点开展辩论赛。正方：汤姆应该把鱼放掉;反方：汤姆应该把鱼带回家。正反两方展开讨论，同时，重点依然是每个学生都必须参与到辩论中来，让学生在辩论赛中不断突破自我，提高自身的口语交际能力。辩论赛的方式能够有效减少阅读课堂上的枯燥感，在辩论赛的过程中不仅能够活跃课堂的气氛，还可以拉近学生与教师之间的距离，教师也可以参与到学生的辩论赛中，帮助处于弱势的一方，巧妙地延长辩论赛持续的时间，让学生在辩论赛中充分体会到交际的乐趣。
三、在实际生活中训练
除了在课堂上，还可以在日常生活中培养学生的口语交际能力。口语交际能力是应用在实际生活中的，因此提高口语交际能力的更有效途径就是在实际生活中展开训练。虽然小学教材中每个单元都有口语交际的课程训练，但是这种训练方式犹如纸上谈兵，因此收获的效果并不明显，而学校可以多开设各种活动，例如踏青、植树、征集志愿者或学雷锋做好事等，与教材中的口语交际训练相结合，从而提高教材中口语交际内容的利用率。小学生在活动之后，心态通常都会比较兴奋。在这种兴奋的状态下，往往就会产生倾诉的愿望，这时教师或家长应该耐心倾听孩子的倾诉，并引导孩子多说出内心的想法。同时，为学生搭建一个良好的口语训练平台，在班级范围内展开演讲活动，让每一个学生都说一说活动中的体会，鼓励学生演讲，这样不但可以提高口语能力，还能培养学生的演讲能力。
